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B. European states (such as the B_______, the D______, the F________, the G________ or the Russians) as well as the A____________ and the J_____________established empires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.
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B. European states (such as the B_______, the D______, the F________, the G________ or the Russians) as well as the A____________ and the J_____________establishedempires throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined
19th century Transoceanic Empires NOW you can say hegemony . . . At least where?
In the S_________J-______________War with China, Japan successfully colonized Taiwan in 1895. In 1905, Japan dealt a military and psychological blow to R_________(and watchful Western world) when the Japanese soundly defeated the ‘great R________bear’ in the Russo-Japanese War. By 1910, Japan colonized Korea as well.
Also in east Asia . . . Treaty of Annexation (August 22, 1910) The Proclamation Notwithstanding the earnest and laborious work of reforms in the administration of Korea in which the Governments of Japan and Korea have been engaged for more than four years since the conclusion of the Agreement of 1905, the existing system of government in that country has not proved entirely equal to the duty of preserving public order and tranquillity; and in addition, the spirit of suspicion and misgiving dominates the whole peninsula. In order to maintain peace and stability in Korea, to promote the prosperity and welfare of Koreans, and at the same time to ensure the safety and repose of foreign residents, it has been made abundantly clear that fundamental changes in the actual regime of government are absolutely essential. The Governments of Japan and Korea, being convinced of the urgent necessity of introducing reforms responsive to the requirements of the situation and of furnishing sufficient guarantee for the future, have, with the approval of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of Korea, concluded, through their plenipotentiaries, a treaty providing for complete annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan. By virtue of that important act, which shall take effect on its promulgation on August 29, 1910, the Imperial Government of Japan shall undertake the entire government and administration of Korea, and they hereby declare that the matters relating to foreigners and foreign trade in Korea shall be conducted in accordance with the following rules:
In South Asia . . . Timeline of British control of India 1615 British East India Company acquires its first territory in Bombay and begins to rule trading areas in India 1756-1763 _________ year war .
In South Asia . . . Timeline of British control of India 1857-The Indian Mutiny or The First War of Independence/ / the __________ Rebellion TURNING POINT: An 18th century political cartoon of Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881) making Queen Victoria Empress of India. The caption was "New crowns for old ones!" Acorn: Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements. (such as the Indian Revolt of 1857 or the Boxer Rebellion) An 1859 lithograph depicts the storming of Delhi in 1857 by rebelling Indian troops, known as sipahi, or sepoys.
1858 The India Act: power transferred to British Government. 1877 Queen Victoria becomes the Empress of India. 1885 Indian National Congress is formed. . Acorn: The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally-based economies. (such as textile production in India) raw materials markets for manufactured goods overseas investment
In SE ASIA The Dutch control IndonesiaBy the early 19th century, the Dutch East India Company established control of the 3,000 mile long chain of Islands known as Indonesia and established plantations producing sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas, and pineapple.The British control MalaysiaIn order to compete with the Dutch holdings in Indonesia, the British sought to gain a foot hold in South East Asia.Using Singapore as a trading base, Britain soon gained control of the Malay Peninsula and Burma, where they developed businesses based on rubber, tin, and teak.The British encouraged the immigration of Chinese to Malaysia to work in tin mines and tap rubber trees. As a result Malays eventually became a minority in their own land and tensions between Chinese and native Malays remains unresolved to this day. The French control IndochinaThe French began direct rule of Vietnam after seven French missionaries were killed during the reign of an anti-Christian emperor.Church leaders and French businesses interested in expanding overseas markets demanded military intervention.The French military invaded Southern Vietnam and occupied it. Later they expanded their control to include North Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, which collectively became French Indochina.Rice became a cash-crop. The conversion to this cash crop economy was so large scale that despite four times as much land being devoted to rice, due to exportation the native consumption of rice actually declined.
In the Pacific Hawaii – 1770s - Kamehameha works with British - royalty adopts western ways - encourage export & western business - Christianity - Americans take over 1898 how? • Kamehameha I (c. 1758–May 8, 1819), also known as Kamehameha the Great, conquered the Hawaiian Islands and formally established the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1810. By developing alliances with the major Pacific colonial powers, Kamehameha preserved Hawaiʻi's independence under his rule Liliʻuokalani, was the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.
Figure 1.3. On August 12, 1898, the flag of the Kingdom of Hawaii over Iolani Palace was lowered and the American flag was raised
Hawaii Spanish-American War Monroe Doctrine Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary New Imperial Nation: United States The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention
Hawaii Spanish-American War Monroe Doctrine Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary New Imperial Nation: United States The Roosevelt Corollary was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United States to intervene in order to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America, if they were unable to pay their international debts
The Philippines After defeating the Spanish in the Spanish Am War, the U.S. had only maintained control over Manila and its surrounding provinces. The rest of the islands were controlled by the Filipinos. President William McKinley then ordered the War Department to place the rest of the islands under military control. He issued the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation which, although outwardly expressing friendship and offering guidance to the Philippine people, was actually a declaration asserting American dominance of the islands. Uncle Sam Invites the Hungry Philippines to Share Its Prosperity
The Filipinos refuse to recognize American sovereignty. On February 4, 1899, an American soldier shot at a Filipino soldier crossing a bridge onto American territory. This marked the beginning of the Philippine-American War. At this time, the ratification of the Treaty of Paris was pending, and McKinley used this event, stating that the Filipinos had instigated the incident, to garner support for the treaty. It was ratified by the Senate within two days. The Filipinos, led by Aguinaldo, waged a fierce battle against American troops for three years. Aguinaldo resorted to guerilla warfare and despite being victorious in several battles, was eventually captured . President Theodore Roosevelt, who had become president upon McKinley’s assassination, then issued the official Peace Proclamation ending the war on July 4, 1902. However, it wasn’t until 1913 that resistance and guerilla warfare on the outskirts of the Philippines officially subsided. The casualties suffered on both sides during the Philippine-American War were more numerous than during the relatively peaceful Spanish-American War. Over 4,000 American troops, 20,000 Filipino soldiers, and 500,000 Filipino civilians died over the course of the war. U.S. military training at their fort in the Philippines
The _______ Canal Panama was a province of C_________whennegotiations opened for the US to pay for permission to begin construction. A deal was signed by representatives of both nations, but the C___________ Senate refused to ratify the treaty, hoping for more cash. Roosevelt then facilitated a deal with P_____________ business interests to declare independence. In November 1903, P____________declaredits independence from C______________ and had a draft constitution sent over from Washington. The President of the Municipal Council became the new head of state, the US recognized the new republic of P_________, and an invading contingent of C___________troopswere bribed $50 per soldier to surrender their arms and go home. Presto! A new nation was born.
The ____________ for Africa Imperialism In Africa
______________ Conference What decade again??????
________________________ provided both the motive and means for imperialism As much as Europeans might have wanted to conquer Africa in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries it couldn't. European guns were not sufficient to overcome the ____________ that the Africans had. Africa's m_____________, m____________ and p_______________ were too much for them. So what changed all that ? _________________ __________ ships allowed them to travel inland. “No horses? No problem” Q__________ medicine which moderates effects of malaria ____________ were the most important, especially with the invention of the Maxim _________ gun.
The Boer Wars in South Africa The Boers opposed the British rule in the Cape Colony, especially after 1833, when the British government made slavery illegal in the Cape Colony. This forced the Boers to emigrate from the Cape Colony. Piet Retief and his followers established the Republic of Natalia. In May 1842, British forces invaded the Republic of Natalia and converted it into a British colony. From Natal, many Boers again trekked northwards to the Orange River, where they established two states, namely Transvaal and the Orange Free State, respectively. However, as a result of the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), both Transvaal and the Orange Free State became British colonies.
In some parts of their empires, Europeans established settler colonies. (such as the British in southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand, or the French in Algeria) • foreign family units “settle” in • tended to stay permanently • Focus more on farming/ranching not extracting raw materials • in settler colonies “the invading Europeans (or their descendants) annihilated, displaced and/or marginalized the indigenes to become a majority non-indigenous population
As opposed to . . . • exploitation colonies • European ‘settlers' consisted of a relatively small but powerful group of white planters • concerned mainly with managing and supervising the exploitation of resources as well as safeguarding the geo-political interests of the state. • Europeans seldom remained on after the end of their mission. • Nigeria and India are examples of colonies of occupation where although indigenous people were the majority, they were ruled by a foreign power
In other parts of the world, industrialized states practiced economic imperialism. (such as the _______and French expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars or the British and the United States investing heavily in _________ _________
Motives for Imperialism Industrial rev Economic – Because of the __________ ___________, a need for ________ materials (cotton, copper, iron and rubber), __________ markets, cheap labor, investment opportunities because of all the __________ which was generated. Political- N_____________, expand your territory and beat other nations there, military and naval ____________/ports, get more soldiers, outlet for unhappy population so they don’t rebel at home Cultural: religious-so missionaries can p____________, to spread European values and moral beliefs, to educate peoples of other cultures, social ____________ (those barbarians aren’t fit to rule themselves); W___________ ______ _________ to “civilize” the uncivilized; Gain knowledge desire to explore "unknown" or uncharted territory, conduct s_______research, medical searches for the causes and treatment of diseases, to go on an adventure, and to investigate "unknown" lands and cultures, nationalism. consumer raw capital Nationalism bases proselytize Darwinism White man’s burden scientific
Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man's _____________" published in McClure's Magazine, Feb. 1899 Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. Take up the White Man's burden-- In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain, To seek another's profit And work another's gain. . . . Take up the White Man's burden– And reap his old reward-- The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard-- The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-- "Why brought ye us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?" Take up the White Man's burden-- Ye dare not stoop to less-- Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloak your weariness. By all ye will or whisper, By all ye leave or do, The silent sullen peoples Shall weigh your God and you. . . .
Oooh here we see _____________ as a motive for imperialism
The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally-based economies. (such as textile production in India)
Responses to Imperialism Indirect Rule: “Rule by and Thru the Natives” intermediaries and collaborators John Green in India fewer than 1000 ruling of 300 million Indians
Indian National Congress(formed in 1885) Educated Indians, predominantly Hindu, demanded increasing equality & self-gov't—not INDEPENDNECE
Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements. (such as the Indian Revolt of 1857 or the Boxer Rebellion)
Boxer Uprising (1900-01) • Developed in response to bad economic conditions & rise of foreign influence • A secret society whose signal was the clenched fist. • Encouraged by Empress Cixi! • Besieged the capital’s Legation Quarter, where foreign diplomats lived and worked. • Killed several diplomats and missionaries; looting & violence thru out Beijing • Attacked railroads and telegraph offices
Boxer Rebellion (GY’s perspective) An allied force of British, American, French, German, and Japanese troops entered Beijing and defeated the Boxers. Russian forces used as an excuse to occupy Manchuria
