Speed, velocity and acceleration

1. Speed, velocity and acceleration

2. 1 Both Mr Rabbit and Mr Tortoise took the same round trip, but Mr Rabbit slept & returned later.

3. Who runs faster? No, I travelled longer distance every minute. Me, as I spent less time on the trip. Comment on their their argument.

4. radius = 8 km 2 A boy has been missing in a forest for 2 hours. scale = 1 cm : 5 km O (a) If he walks at a speed of 4 km h–1, try to locate his possible positions on the map.

5. radius = 8 km 2 A boy has been missing in a forest for 2 hours. scale = 1 cm : 5 km O (b) What else is important to spot the boy? The direction in which he has been walking.

6. 1 Speed How can we describe how fast an object moves? E.g. A car on Tolo Highway travels 90 km in 1 hour. We say that the car travels ata speedof 90 km h–1.

7. 1 Speed How can we describe how fast an object moves? Speed is a measure of how fast something moves. Speed = distance travelled per unit of time SI unit: m s–1 or km h–1 (for long distances)

8. 1 Speed a Average speed A car travels at 50 km h–1, slows down to 0 km h–1, and speeds up again to 60 km h–1. Its average speed over the whole journey overall distance travelled = total time of travel

9. 1 Speed a Average speed Average speed does not tell the variations during the journey. On most trips, the speed at any instant is often different from the average speed.

10. 1 Speed b Instantaneous speed = speed at any instant Instantaneous speed The word ‘speed’ alone  instantaneous speed Instantaneous speed  distance travelled inan extremely short time interval Simulation

11. 1 Speed b Instantaneous speed Speedometer tells the car’s speed at any instant!

12. direction magnitude (speed) 2 Velocity Velocity is... a speed in a given direction or rate of change of displacement. a vector quantity velocity

13. 2 Velocity a Speed with direction MTR drivers concern speed only. speed = 90 km h–1 Pilots concern velocity (direction & speed). speed = 300 km h–1 direction = west

14. 2 Velocity b Average velocity overall displacement Average velocity = total time of travel direction of overall displacement direction of velocity =

15. 2 Velocity c Instantaneous velocity The velocity atany instant is calledinstantaneous velocity. If a car moves at a constant velocity... … its average and instantaneous velocities have the same value.

16. ( ) Average speed = 10.49 Q1 The world record... The world record of women 100-m race is 10.49 s. What is the average speed? 100 = 9.53 m s–1or 34.3 km h–1

17. Q2 In an orienteering event... In an orienteering event, Maria and Karen reach their control points at the same time. start, 10:00 am Maria, 10:30 am Karen, 10:30 am Who runs in a higher average velocity?

18. Q2 In an orienteering event... Who runs in a higher average velocity? A Maria. B Karen. C Undetermined since their paths are unknown. D Incomparable since they run alongdifferent directions.

19. Q3 True or false: Average speed of an object  magnitude of its average velocity. (T/F) Note: The distance travelled is equal tomagnitude of displacement only if it is a straight-line motion.Speed is usually larger than the magnitude of velocity.

20. Q4 True or false: A man takes a walk starting from rest andending at rest. It is possible for him to attain an averagespeed of 5 km h–1 but he never goes faster than5 km h–1. (T/F)

21. 3 Acceleration When a car moves faster and faster, its speed is increasing (velocitychanged).

22. 3 Acceleration When a car moves slower and slower, its speed is decreasing (velocity changed).

23. 3 Acceleration When a car changes direction, its velocity changes too.

24. direction speed 3 Acceleration Acceleration measures the change in velocity Acceleration = velocity per unit time overall change in velocity = total time taken vector quantity Unit: m s–1 / s = m s–2

25. 3 Acceleration If a car accelerates at 2 m s–2, what does that mean? v = 0 t = 0 v = 2 m s–1, v = 2 m s–1 t = 1 s 1 m v = 4 m s–1, v = 2 m s–1 t = 2 s 3 m t = 3 s v = 6 m s–1, v = 2 m s–1 5 m

26. Kln  Tsing Yi Tsing Yi  Airport HK  Kln 2.6 8.9 Distance between stations / km (a) 153 Journey time between stations / s (b) 762 Ave. speed between stations / km h–1 (c) 90 105 Example 1 Airport Expresstakes 0.35 h to go fromHK station to Airport station (34 km).  Ave. speed = 34 km/0.35 h =97 kmh–1 Complete table.

27. Kln  Tsing Yi Tsing Yi  Airport HK  Kln 2.6 8.9 Distance between stations / km (a) 153 Journey time between stations / s (b) 762 Ave. speed between stations / km h–1 (c) 90 105 Example 1 (b) Kln  Tsing Yi: distance/ ave. speed Time = = 8.9/ 90 = 0.0989 h = 356 s

28. Kln  Tsing Yi Tsing Yi  Airport HK  Kln 2.6 8.9 Distance between stations / km (a) 153 Journey time between stations / s (b) 762 Ave. speed between stations / km h–1 (c) 90 105 Example 1 (a) Tsing Yi  Airport: Distance = ave. speedtime = 22.2 km = 10512.7 762 s = (762/3600) h = 12.7 h

29. Kln  Tsing Yi Tsing Yi  Airport HK  Kln 2.6 8.9 Distance between stations / km (a) 153 Journey time between stations / s (b) 762 Ave. speed between stations / km h–1 (c) 90 105 Example 1 (c) HK  Kln: distance/ time Ave. speed = = 2.6/ 0.0425 = 61.2 km 153 s = (153/3600) h = 0.0425 h

30. 2 km h–1 Example 2 A man walks from A to B at 1 km h–1, and returns at 2 km h–1. 1 kmh–1 A B Average speed for thewhole trip = ?

31. 2 km h–1 Example 2 1 kmh–1 A B whole journey = 2 km Suppose AB = 1 km Time for whole trip = = 1 h + 0.5 h = 1.5 h Ave. speed = distance / time = 2/1.5 = 1.33 km h–1

32. (7 + 3) km = (10/60) h Example 3 A car travels 7 km north and then 3 km west in 10 minutes. Find (a) average speed, Ave. speed = 3 km B C distance travelled time taken 7 km = 60 kmh–1 A

33.  Example 3 A car travels 7 km north and then 3 km west in 10 minutes. Find (b) ave. velocity? 3 km B C AC = 7 km = 7.62 km  q =23.2o tan q = 3/7 A

34.  Example 3 A car travels 7 km north and then 3 km west in 10 minutes. Find (b) ave. velocity? 3 km AC = 7.62 km, q =23.2o B C Size of ave. velocity = displacement 7.62 km 7 km = time (10/60) h = 45.7 km h–1 Ave. velocity is 45.7 km h–1, 23.2°north of west. A

35. 100 km h–1 5.6 s (100/3.6) m s–1 = 5.6 s Example 4 The Ferrari 348 can go from rest to 100 km h–1in 5.6 s. What is its ave.acceleration (in m s–2)? Ave. acceleration = = 4.96 m s–2

36. +ve Q1 A running student... A running student is slowing down in front of a teacher. With reference to the sign convention, Velocity of student: positive / negative Acceleration of student: positive / negative

37. Q2 When time is measured... Unit of time: hour (h) Unit of distance/displacement: kilometer (km) Quantity Unit Scalar/Vector Speed ______ _____ Velocity ______ _____ Change in velocity ______ _____ Acceleration ______ _____ km h–1 scalar km h–1 vector km h–1 vector km h–2 vector

38. Q3 In 2.5 s, a car speeds up... In 2.5 s, a car speeds up from 60 km h–1 to 65 km h–1... …while a bicycle goes from rest to 5 km h–1. Which onehas the greater acceleration? They have the same acceleration!

39. Q4 A car is moving in positive... A car is moving in +ve direction. What happens if it moves under a veacceleration? The car will slow down. What happens if it moves undera ve deceleration? The car will move in +ve direction with increasing speed.