Water and Renewable Energy with Rapid Growth in the Arizona-Sonora Border Region

1. Water and Renewable Energywith Rapid Growth in the Arizona-Sonora Border Region Dr. Martin J. (Mike) Pasqualetti Dr. Christopher Scott School of Geographical Sciences Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, & Barrett Honors College Dept. Geography & Regional Development Arizona State University University of Arizona pasqualetti@asu.educascott@email.arizona.edu This work is supported by the Arizona Water Institute

2. Humanity’s Top 10 Problems for the Next 50 Years • Energy • Water • Food • Environment • Poverty • Terrorism and War • Disease • Education • Democracy • Population Source: Nobel laureate, Richard Smalley

3. Objective • Identify the needs, opportunities, and impediments for binational joint water-energy management at the Arizona/Sonora border

4. Outline • Growth, energy and water • Renewable energy resources at the border • Water resources at the border • Preliminary conclusions and next steps

5. Growth, Energy & Water

6. Arizona’s Rapid Growth

7. Population Trends in Mexico – 1970 - 1995 Source: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte

8. Population vs Energy Demand(1990-2005)

9. Average Gallons per MWhrfor Arizona-Based Facilities Revised 2/8/08

10. APS’ projected energy demand Still needed DSM / Conservation Renewables 7,298 MW 2,563 MW

11. Source: Allan T. Marks, 2008. http://www.iamericas.org/documents/energy/ljc08/Allan%20Marks.pdf

12. Water-Energy Joint Management Potential binational, joint management of water and energy Current resource management in the border area Energy Water Water Energy United States Energy Water Water Energy Mexico

13. 2. Renewable energy resources at the border

15. Arizona’s Wind Energy Resource Arizona has several promising areas located primarily from St. Johns northwest to Gray Mountain

16. Geothermal EnergyMexico is 3rd Largest Geothermal Country (over 300 sites identified) On May 2007, the Wagner Trench off Puerto Peñasco was surveyed by researchers from the Institute of Geophysics and the Institute of Marine Science using UNAM’s hydrographic nautical cruiser

17. Arizona’s Geothermal Resource Geothermal Categories Land Ownership Map prepared by Patrick Laney and Julie Brizzee, INEEL for US DoE, based on data from Geo-Heat Center Geothermal Database, 2002 & NOAA, 1982.

18. Tidal Turbine Farm – artist impression http://www.fujitaresearch.com/reports/tidalpower.html

19. Solar Potential in the US

20. Solar Potential in Mexico • Solar radiation in Mexico is one of the highest in the world, allowing for an average solar power generation of 5 KW /m2 per day. • A hybrid combined cycle power station, with a 25 MW thermo-solar system, is scheduled to begin operations in 2009, in Agua Prieta, Sonora. Source: Renewable energies for sustainable development in Mexico 2006, Sener.

21. 3. Water resources at the border Photos by Ashley Coles and Joseph Hoover

22. Source: Robert Varady (2007) Water issues and institutions: transboundary basins and global water initiatives (PowerPoint)

23. Arizona and Sonora share multiple rivers, basins, and aquifers Transboundary rivers: Colorado Bavispe Sonoyta-Bámori San Pedro Santa Cruz Transboundary basins: Colorado Basin Desierto de Altar-Río Bamori Concepción-Arroyo Cocóspera Santa Cruz San Pedro Douglas/ Río Yaqui Transboundary aquifers: Santa Cruz San Pedro

25. Tucson Water-Energy Use

26. Superficial 69.7 % Subterránea 30.3% Current Water Use (CONAGUA Northwest Region) Público urbano ( 5.07% ) 377 Mm3 Agrícola ( 93.50% ) 6,949 Mm3 Usos consuntivos de 7,433.2 Mm3 Pecuario ( 0.70%) 51.7 Mm3 Industrial ( 0.73% ) 54.5 Mm3 Recreación y Turismo (N/SIG.) 1 Mm3

27. Growing Exports of Ag. Produce = Growing (Virtual) Water Trade

28. Arizona/Sonora Border Aquifers Stressed US Legend Impacted by over-pumping Stressed by over-pumping Impacted by salt water intrusion Mexico Legend

29. Changes in Depth to Water Source: USDA FRIS

30. Night-time ag. pumping

31. 3. Preliminary findings and next steps

32. Opportunities for Renewables at the Arizona/Sonora Border • Growth = renewable energy opportunities • Border area has highest North America solar resource • Open space favors solar deployment • Solar energy has the double advantage of being abundant and using least water

33. Demand A 50 MGD (~ 50,000 AF / year @ 90% uptime) SW RO Desalination Plant Needs 20 – 35 MW BW RO Desalination Plant Needs 8 – 20 MW Electricity Consumption Conventional Surface Water 500 – 700 kWh/AF Municipal WW Reclamation 1,000 – 1,200 Brackish Water 1,300 – 2,100 Sea Water 3,260 -- 4,900 Electricity Requirements for RO Desalination Plants Source: Shahid Chaudhry, State of Desalination & Potential Impacts on Energy Use in California. U.S. – Mexico BORDER ENRGY FORUM XIV San Diego, California October 18 – 19, 2007

34. Declining Energy Consumption for Desalination Source: Shahid Chaudhry, State of Desalination & Potential Impacts on Energy Use in California. U.S. – Mexico BORDER ENRGY FORUM XIV San Diego, California October 18 – 19, 2007

36. Water and Renewable Energywith Rapid Growth in the Arizona-Sonora Border Region Dr. Martin J. (Mike) Pasqualetti Dr. Christopher Scott School of Geographical Sciences Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, & Barrett Honors College Dept. Geography & Regional Development Arizona State University University of Arizona pasqualetti@asu.educascott@email.arizona.edu This work is supported by the Arizona Water Institute