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30-3 Amphibians

30-3 Amphibians. Essential Question What is an amphibian?. What is an amphibian?. Amphibian means “double life”. Animals that live in water and on land. Live in water as larvae and respire using gills Breathes with lungs as adults and live on land Moist skin containing mucous glands

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30-3 Amphibians

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  1. 30-3 Amphibians Essential Question What is an amphibian?

  2. What is an amphibian? • Amphibian means “double life”. • Animals that live in water and on land. • Live in water as larvae and respire using gills • Breathes with lungs as adults and live on land • Moist skin containing mucous glands • Lacks scales and claws

  3. Evolution of Amphibians • Evolved from lobe-finned fishes • First chordates to live at least part of life on land • Appeared during Devonian period, 260 million years ago • Only three orders survive today – frogs and toads, salamanders and caecilians

  4. Feeding • tadpoles are filter feeders or herbivores that graze on algae • As adults they change to be carnivorous • Digestive system similar to ours but have only one opening called cloaca through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm pass

  5. Respiration • Larval amphibians respiration occurs through skins and gills • Lungs replace gills as adult with some gas exchange occurring through skin • frogs, and toads have well developed lungs but salamanders do not exchanging gases through skin

  6. Circulation • Heart has three chambers: left atrium, right atrium, and ventricle. • Oxygen-poor blood circulates from body into right atrium • At same time, oxygen-poor blood enters left atrium • When atria contract, they empty blood into ventricle • Ventricle contracts pumping blood out into single large blood vessel that divides and branches off into smaller blood vessels • There is some mixing of oxygen-poor blood with oxygen-rich blood because there is only one ventricle.

  7. Excretion • Kidneys filter wastes from blood • Excretory product of kidneys is urine • Travels through ureters into cloaca and is passed to outside or stored in small urinary bladder before it is passed out

  8. Reproduction • Most species lay eggs in water and then males fertilize them externally • A few species of salamander are internally fertilized • When frogs reproduce, the male climbs onto the female’s back and squeezes • In response, the female releases as many as 200 eggs that the male then fertilizes. • Eggs are sticky and surrounded by transparent jelly that attaches to underside of underwater plants • Yolk nourishes the embryos until tadpole larvae emerge

  9. Movement • Larvae move much like fishes by wiggling bodies and using a flattened tail for propulsion • Most adults use front and hind legs to jump long distances (frogs, toads) or run by throwing their bodies into S-shaped curves (salamanders) • Some frogs like tree frogs have disks on their toes that serve as suction cups for climbing

  10. Response • Brain of amphibian has same basic parts as that of a fish • Well-developed nervous and sensory systems • Eyes and ears are most important sensory organs • Eyes can move around in sockets • Transparent eyelids called nictitating membrane, located inside regular eyelid and can close over eye to protect it underwater and keep them moist in air • tympanic membranes (eardrum) are located on each side of head and receive sound vibrations from air and water • Many have lateral line systems that can detect water movement

  11. Three Groups • Salamanders and newts – Urodela • Frogs and toads – Anura • Caecilians - Apoda

  12. Urodela • Examples: salamanders, newts • Tail throughout life • Aquatic larva • Terrestrial (moist woods) adults; 4 legs and tail • Carnivorous

  13. Official SC State Amphibian: Spotted Salamander AmbystomamaculatumAdopted:June 11, 1999

  14. Eastern Tiger Salamander

  15. Marbled Salamander

  16. Mole Salamander

  17. Northern Red Salamander

  18. Slimy Salamander

  19. Red-Spotted Newt

  20. Anura • Examples: Frogs and Toads • Aquatic larva- tadpole • Adults: lack a tail, well developed legs for jumping Frogs live in or near water; whereas Toads live in moist woods and even deserts.

  21. Green Treefrog

  22. Barking Treefrog

  23. Gray Treefrog

  24. Pine Barrens Treefrog

  25. Southern Leopard Frog

  26. American Toad

  27. Eastern Spadefoot

  28. Apoda • Example: caecilians • Legless– worm-like • Only live in tropical regions • Have retractile tentacles • Blind • Burrows • Carnivorous • Some are viviparous

  29. Caecilians

  30. Ecology of Amphibians • Must live near water • Common in moist, warm places such as tropical rain forest biomes • Ideal meal for predators such as birds and mammals • Adaptations that protect them include skin coloring that blend in with surroundings and skin glands that ooze unpleasant-tasting and poisonous toxin • Many species are extinct or on their way to becoming extinct and are being studied to determine why.

  31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTTWRxNSSGY

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