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Developing Hypotheses

Developing Hypotheses. Chapter 3 Psychology 301. Developing Ideas. Wallas’s 4 stages Preparation Incubation Illumination Verification. Creating Hypotheses. Using reasoning Inductive reasoning Generalizing from a few specific observations or experiences to a general “law”

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Developing Hypotheses

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  1. Developing Hypotheses Chapter 3 Psychology 301

  2. Developing Ideas • Wallas’s 4 stages • Preparation • Incubation • Illumination • Verification

  3. Creating Hypotheses • Using reasoning • Inductive reasoning • Generalizing from a few specific observations or experiences to a general “law” • Deductive reasoning • Reasoning that proceeds from general principles or premises to derive particular information. • Strong Induction All observed crows are black. Therefore: All crows are black. • Weak Induction I always hang pictures on nails. Therefore: All pictures hang from nails. • Deduction We learn to behave by watching others. Therefore: Children who watch violent television will be more aggressive.

  4. Making Hypotheses Concrete The Nomological Net Depression Marital Satisfaction Self-report Therapist Evaluation Dyadic Adjustment Scale Sexual Frequency

  5. Making Hypotheses Testable • Need to operationalize variables in a way to measure them reliably and validly • Reliability • Test-retest • Interrater • Internal consistency • Validity • Concurrent • Discriminant

  6. Making Strong Inferences • Platt (1964) • Strong inference characterized by • Devising alternative hypotheses • (making competing predictions based different theories) • Devise study(ies) where the occurrence of one outcome would exclude the other • Conduct the study(ies) • Go back to step 1 and refine theory of supported hypothesis • Example: Is separation due to military deployment harmful to marriages? • Absence makes the heart grow fonder • Prediction: deployment will not be harmful • Out of sight out of mind • Prediction: deployment will be harmful

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