The Era of Progressivism

1. Ch. 16 and 18 The Era of Progressivism

2. Essential and Guided Questions • Essential Question: • How is progress measured? • GUIDED QUESTIONS: • What would you do to improve living and working conditions? • Does the U.S. have a duty to fight for freedom in neighboring countries?

3. Presidents leading up to Progressivism • 22- Grover Cleveland • Interstate Commerce Commission- regulated interstate commerce • 23- Benjamin Harrison • Lost the popular vote but won electoral vote • McKinley Tariff- cut and increased certain tariffs • Sherman Anti-Trust Act- declared trusts illegal • Trust- combination of firms to reduce competition • 24- Grover Cleveland • Panic of 1893 • 18% unemployment • Goldbugs v. Silverites • 25- William McKinley • Defeated William Jennings Bryan (Populist candidate) • The Spanish-American War • Aquired Guam, Puerto Rice and the Phillipines

4. Progressivism Sweeps the Nation • The 20th Century (1900’s) was an age of reform! • Urban reformers and Populists helped to raise awareness to the nation’s problems • Who were the Progressives??? • Urban • Lived in the Northeast U.S. • Well-educated • Middle class • Protestant reform-minded men and women

5. A Movement or Political Party? • PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS: • TheodoreRoosevelt (Republican) • William Howard Taft (Republican) • Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) • What united them? • the belief that the laissez faire, Social Darwinist outlook of the Gilded Age was morally and intellectually wrong • The Progressive Party was eventually formed in 1912

6. Results • What all was included in the progressive movement? • Worker and consumer issues • Protecting social welfare • Promoting moral improvement (prohibition) • Creating economic reform (urban poverty) • Fostering efficiency (conservation of natural resources) • Numerous national and state regulations were issued, along with the passage of 4 amendments to the Constitution • 16th- income tax • 17th –direct election of Senators • 18th-Temperance (banning alcohol) • 19th-Woman’s suffrage (right to vote)

7. 16th and 17th Amendments 17th Amendment

8. Worker and Consumer issues • Protecting working children • 1904- National Child Labor Committee formed to gather evidence of children working in harsh conditions • Efforts to limit working hours • 1908- Muller v. Oregon limited women to a 10 hour workday • Other states passed similar laws • 1917- Bunting v. Oregon limited men to a 10 hour workday • Workers’ Compensation • Aid for families of workers who were hurt or killed on the job • 1906- Meat Inspection Act • Cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection • 1906- Pure Food and Drug Act • Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines • Called for truth in labeling

9. Worker Issues

10. Meat Inspection

11. Social Welfare • Social Gospel and settlement house movement helped the poor by setting up: • Community centers, churches, social services, YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association), libraries, Salvation Army, etc. • Florence Kelley- worked to improve the lives of women and children • 1893- Helped to win passage of the Illinois Factory Act which prohibited child labor and limited women’s working hours • This became a model for other states • Education Reform • Started in the 1830’s • Horace Mann- main leader in public school reform • Established teacher training programs • Instituted curriculum reforms • Doubled the money that the state spent on schools • 1865-1895- states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of school attendance by students between the ages of 8-14. • Early 1900s- more than 500,000 students attended high school • Racial discrimination towards African Americans and immigrants

12. Social Reform

13. Moral Improvement • Prohibition- banning alcohol • 18th amendment passed • 1874- Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • Led the movement for prohibition • Had 245,000 members by 1911 making it the largest women’s group • Reforming elections • Secret ballots • Initiative- a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers • Referendum-voting for an initiative • Recall- voters can remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it • Direct primary- enabled voters to choose candidates for public office • 1913-17th Amendment passed to allow popular election of Senators

14. Prohibition

15. Economic Reform • 1893- Economic panic prompted Americans to question the capitalist economic system • Some Americans chose to embrace socialism (equal distribution of wealth by the government- Ex: Amish) • Eugene V. Debs- helped organize the American Socialist Party in 1901 • Muckrakers- journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life • Ida M. Tarbell- wrote a monthly article called “History of the Standard Oil Company” to describe the company’s cutthroat methods of eliminating competition • Upton Sinclair -wrote the novel “The Jungle” in 1904 to describe the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry • Jacob A. Riis- wrote “How the Other Half Lives” to expose the hardships of New York City’s poor

16. Muckrakers Jacob Riis Photography (below)

17. Hardships for African Americans • 9 out of 10 African Americans lived in the South in 1900 • Segregation • Jim Crow laws • 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal was legal) • Education • 1890- less than 1% attended high school • 15th Amendment (right to vote) • Poll taxes, violence, literacy tests • Economy • Poor sharecroppers • Debt

18. Reform- Booker T. Washington • About Booker: • Born into slavery in 1856 • After receiving his freedom and finishing school, he became a teacher • He believed demanding social equality was unproductive because racism in the South was so widespread • Established Tuskegee Institute in Alabama by age 25

19. Tuskegee Institute • Center for agricultural research • Purpose- to train African Americans in skills that would help them succeed • Most famous product- George Washington Carver • Thought agricultural lands could be more productive by diversifying crops. • He discovered hundreds of new uses for sweet potatoes, pecans, and peanuts (Ex: Peanut butter)

20. The Atlanta “Compromise” • Speech delivered by Washington in 1895 at the Atlanta Exposition • He declared that African Americans should focus on Vocational Education • Said that African Americans should abandon their hopes for short term social and political equality • Equality would come naturally when whites saw African Americans as contributors to society • African Americans were split on this idea

21. Washington’s Legacy • Leader in the African American community for his entire life • Published his autobiography “Up From Slavery” in 1901 • Self-made man • Role model to thousands • First African American to be invited to the White House • 1906- Invited by President Theodore Roosevelt • Died in 1915

22. Reform- W.E.B. DuBois • About W.E.B: • Born in Massachusetts in 1868 as a free black • Attended FISK UNIVERSITY • Became the first African American to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard • Teacher at Atlanta University • Believed in a classical education • Biggest critic of Booker T. Washington • Believed that African Americans should work towards social and political equality to be able to succeed economically • Attacked Jim Crow Laws • Published “The Souls of Black Folk” in 1903 • Criticized Washington’s accommodation of racism in the South

23. The Niagra Movement • 1905- DuBois met with a group of 30 men at Niagra Falls, Canada • They drafted a document demanding the immediate end to all forms of discrimination • The “Niagra Movement” was described as radical by most whites • Educated African Americans supported the resolutions

24. NAACP • In 1909, members of the Niagra Movement formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) • Formed to fight for equality on a national level • Intended to improve the self-image of African Americans • Dubois was the editor of the organization’s periodical called “The Crisis” for 20 years • Contained political essays, poems, and stories glorifying African American culture

25. Dubois’s Legacy • Strong leader in the African American community his entire life • Role model to thousands • 1946- invited to attend the organizational meeting for the United Nations • 1961- moved to Ghana • Died at age 96- just before Martin Luther King Jr. led the Civil Rights March on Washington

26. Other African American Progressive Leaders • Marcus Garvey- created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) • Immigrant from Jamaica • Believed that African Americans should build a separate society • 1920’s- claimed to have 1 million followers • Encouraged his followers to return to Africa, remove colonial oppressors, and build a mighty nation • Left a powerful legacy of newly awakened black pride, economic independence, and reverence for Africa • Carter G. Woodson- lobbied to establish Black History Month as a nationwide institution • Dedicated his career to the field of African American history • Known as the “Father of Black History” • Woodson chose the month of February to honor the birthdays of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln

27. Progressives in the White House • REVIEW!!! • The Progressive Party was formed in 1912 • PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS: • TheodoreRoosevelt (Republican) • William Howard Taft (Republican) • Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) • Between 1901 and 1921, the Presidents were more active and powerful than any since the days of Abraham Lincoln

28. “Teddy” Roosevelt

29. Theodore Roosevelt- Early Life • Born: 1858 • Parents: • Father-wealthy New York banker • Mother- from a prosperous family in Georgia • Childhood: • Bad eyesight • Small and weak • Acute Asthma • Lifestyle: • Dedicated to mental and physical fitness • Graduated from Harvard University in 1880 • Married Alice Hathaway Lee • Died during the birth of their daughter Alice in 1884

30. Theodore Roosevelt- Accomplishments • 1886- remarried in New York to a childhood friend named Edith • 1898 • Member of the Civil Service Commission • Police Commissioner of NYC • Assistant Secretary to the Navy • Spanish-American War • Leader of the volunteer regiment called the “Rough Riders” • Hero of the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba • After the war, he was elected Governor of New York

31. Theodore Roosevelt- V.P. • 1900- nominated to run as V.P. for William McKinley • Reason 1- to help McKinley get reelected • Reason 2- to decrease his power • He was seen as a reckless cowboy by many Republican leaders • His popularity made him a threat • They thought he could do less harm as V.P. than governor of NY • September ,6-13 1901- President William McKinley was shot by assassin Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo on September 6, 1901. He died 8 days later.

32. Theodore Roosevelt- 26th President • Author of over 20 books • Expert on North American wildlife • Adventurer • Historian • Cowboy • Boxer • Socialite • Explorer • Hunter • Naturalist • Harvard graduate • Cavalryman • Police Chief • Conservationist • Governor • Vice president • Husband • Father • Hard worker • He is 42 years old when he takes office • The youngest president ever • What Teddy Roosevelt was before he adds president to the list >>>>>>>

33. Theodore Roosevelt- Beliefs • When Roosevelt took office, it seemed like Congress had been ruling the government, and big business was ruling Congress. • Roosevelt took an active role as president • He used the White House as a "BULLY PULPIT" to promote an active government that protected the interests of the people over big business. • Beliefs: • No individual, no matter how wealthy, should control the people’s representatives • Workers should not be abused • Capitalism should be preserved

34. Theodore Roosevelt- A Man of the People • Wanted people to see him as a man who wasn’t afraid to get his hands dirty • He never went anywhere without his photographer • He traveled often and spoke with confidence and enthusiasm • He interacted with the people directly • He was the first president to travel out of the country while in office • Roosevelt was seen as a popular hero • Sold merchandise, a film was made to portray him as a fairy-tale hero, paintings created in his honor, etc.

35. Theodore Roosevelt- Trustbuster • Roosevelt lashed out against the trusts and sided with American labor (filed 44 antitrust suits) • Trust- a combination of firms or corporations for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices throughout a business or an industry • Trusts controlled about 4/5ths of the industries in the U.S. in 1900 • He believed WALL STREET FINANCIERS and powerful trust titans were greedy • Docked wages to increase profits • High railroad rates • Reasons Roosevelt criticized the wealthy class of Americans • Exploitation of the public could cause a violent uprising • They thought they were more powerful than the government

36. Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Passed by Congress in 1890- law that declared illegal all combinations "in restraint of trade“ • Did not accomplish much in the first 12 years • Courts would side with business over government • The only time an organization was deemed in restraint of trade was when the court ruled against a labor union • Used by Roosevelt to bring down a holding company called Northern Securities

37. Teddy v. J.P. • 1902- Roosevelt took action against the court systems • The first trust giant to fall was one of the most powerful industrialist in the country- J. P. Morgan • Morgan controlled a railroad company known as Northern Securities. • In combination with railroad MOGULS JAMES J. HILL and E. H. HARRIMAN, Morgan controlled the bulk of railroad shipping across the northern United States.

38. “No man is above the law!” • Morgan was furious to learn that Roosevelt's Attorney General was suing the Northern Securities Company • Four days later, Morgan was at the White House with the President • Morgan argued that he was being treated like a common criminal • Roosevelt said that no compromise could be reached • The matter would have to be settled in court • The Supreme Court, in a narrow 5 to 4 decision, agreed and dissolved the Northern Securities Company.

39. Railroad Regulation • 1903- Elkins Act • Made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads • Railroads could not charge set rates without notifying the public • 1906- Hepburn Act • Limited the distribution of free railroad passes, a common form of bribery • Gave the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) the power to set maximum railroad rates

40. Theodore Roosevelt- Legacy • Hero of San Juan Hill • Commissioned the Panama Canal (1903) • The Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act made to protect consumers • Created the U.S. National Park System to protect America’s wilderness lands • 1906 Nobel Peace Prize winner for negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth between Russia and Japan • “Teddy Bear” named after him • “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” • Roosevelt Corollary- the U.S. would use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America

41. William Howard Taft

42. William Howard Taft • The Progressive lock on the Presidency did not end with Theodore Roosevelt. • His popularity secured the election in 1908 of his hand-picked successor and secretary of war, William Howard Taft. • Taft continued busting America's trusts, but he was unable to control the conservative wing of the Republican party.

43. Election of 1912 • Taft had angered the Progressives with his cautious nature. • Teddy Roosevelt challenged Taft for the Republican nomination in 1912, splitting the party in two. • Roosevelt created the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) to be able to run against Taft. • Although the Republicans lost the election, it was not necessarily a loss for Progressives. • The winning Democrat, Woodrow Wilson, embraced much of the Progressive agenda himself.

44. Woodrow Wilson

45. Thomas Woodrow Wilson28th President • 1856-Born in Staunton, Virginia • President of Princeton University • Governor of New Jersey • Platform- New Freedom • Sought to achieve the vision of a nation of small farmers and small businesspeople • Wilson wanted to attack what he called the TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVILEGE • tariffs • banks • trusts

46. Progressive Acts passed by Wilson • 1913- Underwood Simmons Act • Reduced tariff rates • Federal Reserve Act of 1913 • Divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional central bank in each district to take care of the other banks in that district • Made the nation’s currency more flexible • Federal Reserve System still serves as the nation’s banking system • 1914-Clayton Antitrust Act • Clarified the Sherman Act by specifically naming certain business tactics illegal • Exempted labor unions from antitrust suits, and declared strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing perfectly legal

47. Progressive Acts passed by Wilson • 1914- Federal Trade Commission Act • Set up the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as an antitrust measure • Investigated possible violations of regulatory statutes • Required periodic reports from corporations • Put an end to a number of unfair business practices • Administered almost 400 cease and desist orders to companies engaged in illegal activities under Wilson’s administration • 1913-Federal Income Tax (16th Amendment) • Legalized a graduated federal income tax • Provided revenue by taxing individuals earnings and corporate gains • Larger incomes taxed at higher rates than smaller incomes • Main source of revenue for the federal government today

48. Women Win Suffrage • 1869- Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton create the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA) • NWSA joined with the National American Women Suffrage Association in 1890 to form (NAWSA) • Other prominent woman suffrage leaders- Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howard, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucy Burns, Alice Paul • 1919- Congress passed the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote

49. Suffrage

50. Wilson’s appeal to the Roosevelt Progressives • Legislative measures suggested by the BULL MOOSE CAMPAIGN: • Approved the creation of a federal trade commission to act as a watchdog over business • Child labor bill • Workers' compensation act • Limited the workday of interstate railroad workers to 8 hours. • Signed a FEDERAL FARM LOAN ACT to ease the pains of life on the farm