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1. Title Page In this presentation you will: • Investigate the microprocessor

2. Introduction Microprocessors can be found in practically every electronic consumer product. Every computer, mobile phone, automobile, microwave or television has at least one microprocessor inside it. Next >

3. Introduction Microprocessors contain integrated circuits. The integrated circuit is connected to legs or pins, which connect the microprocessor to other electronic devices in the system. The integrated circuit (IC) is encased in a protective package. The packaging protects the delicate IC, and helps draw heat away from it. Next >

4. Memory Other Support Chips Microprocessor Integration The Microprocessor operates as part of a complete system called a microcomputer. The system includes other integrated circuits such as memory devices. The integrated circuits that support the microprocessor (memory, input/output interface etc.) are called support chips. Without them the system would not operate. Next >

5. Address Bus Input/Output Interface Microprocessor Memory Data Bus Control Bus Elements of the System The elements of a basic microcomputer system can be shown as functional blocks on a block diagram. Signal connections between the microprocessor and the support devices are achieved using three buses: • Control bus • Data bus • Address bus The arrows indicate the direction of data travel on each bus. Next >

6. Microprocessor System Clock Control Unit Internal Control Bus Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers Internal Data Bus Buffer Buffer Inside a Microprocessor The microprocessor contains various registers, an Arithmetic Logic Unit, and a Control Unit. Control Bus The microprocessor is connected to the support devices through: • Control bus • Data bus • Address bus Address Bus Data Bus Next >

7. Microprocessor System Clock Control Unit Internal Control Bus Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers Internal Data Bus ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is the part of the processor that performs the maths. It adds and compares numbers. All the logic and arithmetic functions are carried out here. Next >

8. Microprocessor System Clock Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers Control Unit The purpose of the control unit is to organise the operation of the processor, synchronising the other internal components and external support chips. It makes sure everything happens at the right time, in the right order. Next >

9. Microprocessor System Clock Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Registers Registers Registers are tiny amounts of short-term storage inside the microprocessor. One example is the accumulator, used to store the answer to a simple calculation. Next >

10. Power Supply Inputs Address Bus Control Bus Data Bus Buses The Address, Data and Control bus connections are made to the microprocessor through its pins or legs. Power supply connections are also made in this way. Next >

11. Question 1 As well as a microprocessor, a microcomputer requires: A) An on/off switch B) Memory and an Input/Output Interface C) A video output device D) A keypad to allow data entry

12. Question 2 What is the function of the ALU? A) Controlling the flow of data on the buses B) Arithmetic and logic operations C) Memory allocation and control D) Organising and synchronising the operation of the CPU

13. Address Bus Address Bus Address Bus Input/ Output Interface Input/ Output Interface Input/ Output Interface ROM ROM Memory RAM RAM Microprocessor Microprocessor Microprocessor Data Bus Data Bus Data Bus Control Bus Control Bus Control Bus Memory Memory provides a place to store programs. There are actually two types of memory commonly used in a microcomputer, one called ROM and the other called RAM. With ROM, data is permanently stored in the locations. The microprocessor can only retrieve the data from ROM. Next >

14. Power Supply Inputs Address Bus Control Bus Data Bus Read Only Memory Read Only Memory (ROM) is an integrated circuit. Its legs or pins provide it with power and enable connection to the buses from the microprocessor. From the outside, ROM may look similar to the microprocessor or any other integrated circuit, but inside it is totally different. This type of memory is commonly used to hold instructions of a program for the microcomputer to use over and over again. Next >

15. Read Only Memory For example, a washing machine will have ROM as part of its microcomputer. The ROM has been pre-programmed by the manufacturer with the instructions needed for the washing sequence. When the washing machine is turned on again, the instructions for the washing sequence will still be there in ROM. Data stored inside ROM is not lost when the power is turned off. Next >

16. Address Bus Input/ Output Interface ROM RAM Microprocessor Data Bus Control Bus Random Access Memory With Random Access Memory (RAM), data can be both stored (write data to memory) and retrieved (read data from memory) by the microprocessor. While power is supplied the contents of RAM remain. When the power is removed, the contents of RAM are lost. Next >

17. Power Supply Inputs Address Bus Control Bus Data Bus Random Access Memory RAM is in an integrated circuit, its pins provide it with power and enable connection to the microprocessor buses. Like ROM, the RAM integrated circuit looks the same as other integrated circuits from the outside, but inside it is different. Next >

18. Address Bus Output I/O Interface ROM RAM Microprocessor Input Data Bus Control Bus Random Access Memory The microprocessor can only read data from ROM. The microprocessor can read data from, and write data to RAM. RAM is commonly used as a temporary storage area of program data. For example, a calculator has RAM which temporarily stores numbers that are part of a calculation. Next >

19. Question 3 When power is removed, data in ROM is lost. Is this statement true or false? Answer True or False.

20. Question 4 Which of the following statements is NOT true about RAM. A) The microprocessor can change data stored there. B) The data is lost when the power is removed. C) It can be used to read data from external devices. D) The microprocessor can read data stored in RAM. E) Electrical connections are made through pins or legs.

21. Address Bus Address Bus Input Interface Output Input / output Interface Output Interface Microprocessor RAM ROM Control Bus Input Data Bus Data Bus Power Supply Inputs Control Bus Input / OutputInterface An important element of the microcomputer is the input/output (I/O) interface. The I/O interface is an integrated circuit that enables the microcomputer to control devices outside the microcomputer. Next >

22. Address Bus Output Output Interface Microprocessor RAM ROM I/O Input Interface Input Data Bus Control Bus Input / OutputInterface The I/O interface can be divided into two sections, input interface and output interface. The output interface can output signals to devices outside the microcomputer. Next >

23. Address Bus Input / Output Interface Microprocessor ROM RAM Data Bus Control Bus Address Bus The address bus carries signals that control where the data comes from, or goes to. Next >

24. Address Bus Input / Output Interface Microprocessor ROM RAM Data Bus Control Bus Control bus The control bus carries commands from the microprocessor and returns status signals from the devices. Next >

25. Address Bus Output Interface Microprocessor RAM ROM I/O Input Interface Data Bus Control Bus Data Bus The data bus carries the data between parts of the microprocessor, and with other devices. Data from the keypad is carried to the microprocessor along the data bus. Next >

26. Question 5 What does the I/O interface enable control of? A) The values of data stored in memory B) The way the microprocessor works C) Devices outside the microcomputer D) RAM and ROM

27. Microprocessor System Clock Control Unit Arithmetic & Logic Unit Accumulator System Clock The system clock is an oscillator circuit. It provides the clock circuit with a regular 'heartbeat'. This enables the microprocessor to activate the signals it generates internally at the appropriate times. The system clock enables the microprocessor to perform millions of operations every second. Next >

28. Question 6 The system clock enables the microprocessor to: A) Store data in memory B) Generate signals at the appropriate time C) Control keyboard inputs D) Relay address signals

29. Summary In this presentation, you have seen: • The main components of a microprocessor, arithmetic logic unit, register and control unit. • How a microprocessor communicates with the outside world. • The function of the data, address and control buses. End >