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This chapter explores the Age of Religious Wars in European history, discussing the political and religious tensions between different faiths. Topics covered include the lack of religious unity, fear of the "other" faith, and the conflicts between the Roman Catholic Church and Protestant groups. Specific events such as the Concordat of Bologna, the Edict of Nantes, and the Thirty Years War are examined, along with changing attitudes towards women and the Great European Witch Hunt.
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Chapter 4“The Age of Religious Wars” AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL
I. Politics, Religion, and War A. New Thoughts on Religion 1. No unity of religion – most believed this was wrong 2. Fear of the “other” faith 3. Many RCC believed Prots could be converted 4. Many Prots believed RCC should be destroyed B. Religious Tensions in Fr 1. 1516 Concordat of Bologna - established RCC as state religion 2. Yet, Calvinism still flourished, 1/10 of population (Huguenots) 3. Henry IV makes peace b/t RCC + Hug’s - 1598 Edict of Nantes – grants Hug’s liberty of worship, brings peace to Fr
Imperial Spain and Philip II (1556-1598) A. Wealthy and powerful in Eu, known for: 1. Colonial riches 2. Overtaxed peasants 3. Catholic 4. Anti-Islamic a) defeated Ottomans in naval battles for Mediterranean control 5. Spanish Netherlands a) Dutch revolt in 1581 = end of Sp rule
England and Spain (1553 – 1603) A. Mary I of Eng 1. Militant Catholic - 287 Protestants burned at stake in Mary’s reign B. Elizabeth I of Eng (1558-1603) 1. Mary’s half-sister (daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn) 2. Incredibly Successful Queen – 45 year reign a) Religious Compromise: The Anglican Church = Protestant doctrine w/ Catholic rituals b) Dealing with Religious Extremists - Puritans – wanted pure Protestantism - Sp support of radical Catholics - Her message: conform or leave - 1587 – had Mary Queen of Scots executed 3. Sp Armada invasion of Eng 1587 - Eng wins, Elizabeth = strong; Phillip II loses = weakened Sp influence
IV. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) A. Holy Roman Empire - Peace of Augsburg 1. Faith of prince determined religion of his subjects 2. Territorial ambitions among princes began 3. Prots Union vs. Catholic League 4. The Defenestration of Prague - the beginning of 30 Yrs War - prince of Bohemia closed Prots churches - Prots respond – hurling 2 officials out window - RCC – “they were saved by angels” - Prots – “they were saved by horse manure” 5. Peace of Westphalia - marks the end of religious wars in Eu - Peace of Augsburg should stand permanently
VI. Changing Attitudes in the 16th C A. The Status of Women 1. silent, obedient, pious 2. Purpose of marriage – a woman’s “highest calling” a) procreation b) avoidance of sin c) help and companionship 3. Religious Views of Marriage a) RCC – sacramental union that cannot be dissolved b) Prot. – a contract w/mutual right to divorce, encouraged former nuns to marry
B. The Great Eu Witch Hunt 1. witch – a woman “who hath conference with the devil” 2. could mysteriously injure people or animals 3. mostly widowed women b/t 50-70 yrs old, crippled, w/“sharp tongues” 4. considered to be heresy 5. 1500-1700 – nearly 100,000 women executed 6. a product of misogynous tendencies 7. The Hammer of Witches by Kramer and Sprenger “Women are by nature, instruments of Satan. “People who hold that witches do not exist are to be regarded as notorious heretics.” 7. decreased in 1700’s as fear of devil waned, and secularism increased
