Significances of the 1960 Nixon Kennedy Campaign

1. Television debate : Appearance versus substance Television ads: campaign spending $ Main Issues: “missile gap” religion Close election results Significances of the 1960 Nixon Kennedy Campaign Nixon/ Kennedy debate

2. Inauguration Speech http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xE0iPY7XGBo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s6U8GActdQ&NR=1

3. Text of Inaugural Address

4. Text of Inaugural Address

5. Text of Inaugural Address

6. “…Our faith in him and in what he was trying to do was absolute, and he could impart to our work together a sense of challenge and adventure-a feeling that he was moving, and the world with him, toward a better time.” Pierre Salinger, Press Secretary Glencoe text p. 842 Kennedy’s Charisma:

7. Increase aid to education Provide health insurance to the elderly Create Dept. of Urban Affairs Help Migrant Workers “New Frontier” Goals

8. Despite Democratic large majorities in House and Senate, Kennedy could not pass his New Frontier legislation. WHY? Kennedy’s Critics:

9. Despite Democratic large majorities in House and Senate, Kennedy could not pass his New Frontier legislation. WHY? Kennedy’s Critics:

10. Congress could follow their own interest: “A good many [congressional representatives] were elected in 1960 in spite of his presence on the ticket rather than because his name was there.” Congressional Democrat US News & World Report Kennedy’s Critics

11. Republicans and Southern Democrats viewed New Frontier too costly Kennedy’s Critics Southern Democrats controlled Congress

12. Minor deficit spending Increased funding for defense and space exploration Supported supply-side economics and tax cuts “A rising tide lifts all boats.” Congress denied tax cuts out of fear of inflation Kennedy: the Pragmatist

13. Less of Ike’s “brinkmanship” and more “flexible response” more conventional troops and weapons Support of Special Forces “Green Berets” Kennedy: the Pragmatist http://www.specialoperations.com/Army/Special_Forces/SF_Info/Story.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwKYXRLP0rY

14. Poverty and corruption in Latin America Kennedy wants to thwart communist expansion in Latin America Alliance for Progress $20 billion aid for better schools, housing and health care Designed to counter leftist movements Chile, Colombia, Venezeula, and Central America benefited A “Marshall Plan” for Latin America?

15. Helping the people of interested countries in meeting their needs for trained men and women. Helping promote a better understanding of Americans on the part of the peoples served. Helping promote a better understanding of other peoples on the part of all Americans. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/JFK+in+History/Peace+Corps.htm http://www.peacecorps.gov/ Kennedy’s Enduring Legacy: The Peace Corps

16. http://www.nootrope.net/kennedy.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e08r5IRTbjE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND4kDezFUk8 The Space Race: “man on the moon”

17. 1960's • U2 INCIDENT • BAY OF PIGS INVASION • BERLIN WALL CONSTRUCTED • CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS • ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS AND THE THIRD WORLD, THE PEACE CORPS • U.S. INCREASES INVOLVEMENT IN VIETNAM • NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY • 1960s TIMELINES

18. MAY 1960: THE U-2 INCIDENT A US U-2 RECONNAISSANCE (SPY) PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN OVER THE SOVIET UNION AND ITS PILOT GARY POWERS CAPTURED AND PUT ON TRIAL. KHRUSHCHEV USED THIS INCIDENT TO CANCEL A PLANNED EAST-WEST SUMMIT CONFERENCE IN PARIS.

19. JOHN F. KENNEDY BECOMES PRESIDENT OF THE US IN 1961 AND INHERITS A PLANED INVASION OF CUBA FROM THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION

20. 1960 - ALL US BUSINESSES IN CUBA ARE NATIONALIZED (TAKEN OVER BY THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT) WITHOUT COMPENSATION. THE US BREAKS OFF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CUBA AND SEES CASTRO AS AN ENEMY OF THE US. EISENHOWER AGREES TO A CIA PLAN FOR AN EXILE INVASION OF CUBA TO OVERTHROW CASTRO IN MARCH OF 1960

21. CUBAN EXILES INVADING CUBA WITH THE HELP OF THE US, APRIL 1961 BAY OF PIGS INVASION SITE

22. THE INVASION WAS A FAILURE AND ALL THE CUBAN EXILE INVASION FORCE WAS EITHER KILLED OR CAPTURED BY CASTRO’S ARMY. CASTRO’S FORCES ON THE MARCH CASTRO’S AIR FORCE DESTROYED THE INVADING SHIPS

23. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO SUPER POWERS WORSEN AFTER THE VIENNA SUMMIT IN JUNE OF 1961. KHRUSHCHEV THREATENS JFK WITH AN ULTIMATUM ON BERLIN. JFK RESPONDS WITH A US MILITARY BUILD-UP AND A US CIVIL DEFENSE PROGRAM

24. TENSIONS RISE DURING THE REMAINDER OF1961. ON AUGUST 13th EAST GERMANY BEGINS PREPARING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BERLIN WALL AND ON SEPTEMBER 1 THE USSR RESUMES ATMOSPHERIC TESTING OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS

25. IN JUNE OF 1963 PRESIDENT KENNEDY WENT TO BERLIN AND DELIVERED HIS FAMOUS “ICH BIN EIN BERLINER” ( I AM A BERLINER) TO SHOW U.S. DETERMINATION TO KEEP BERLIN FREE.

26. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS AUGUST TO NOVEMBER 1962 THE CLOSEST THE WORLD HAS COME TO FULL SCALE NUCLEAR WAR

27. US INTELLIGENCE BEGINS RECEIVING REPORTS OF SOVIET MISSILES IN CUBA. A U-2 FLIGHT ON AUGUST 29TH CONFIRMED THE PRESENCE OF SURFACE TO AIR MISSILE BATTERIES IN CUBA. THESE MISSILES WERE DESIGNED TO SHOOT DOWN ENEMY AIRCRAFT.

28. MAP USED BY JFK AND HIS ADVISORS TO PLOT WEAPONS IN CUBA DURING THE MISSILE CRISIS

29. DECLASSIFIED 1962 MAP SHOWING THE DISTANCES NUCLEAR ARMED MISSILES WOULD GO IF FIRED FROM CUBA. ALMOST ALL MAJOR US POPULATION CENTERS WERE WITHIN RANGE. MAPS LIKE THIS CONVINCED JFK THAT THE SOVIET MISSILES MUST BE REMOVED FROM CUBA.

30. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS FROM U.S. SPY PLANES LEFT NO DOUBT THAT THE RUSSIANS WERE INSTALLING NUCLEAR MISSILES IN CUBA AIMED AT THE U.S.

33. LOW ALTITUDE VIEW OF MISSILE PREPARATION AREA. THE PILOT TAKING THIS SHOT FLEW AT AN ALTITUDE OF ABOUT 250 FEET, AND AT THE SPEED OF SOUND. EACH ONE OF THE RUSSIAN MISSILES IN CUBA HAD THE EXPLOSIVE POWER OF 50 HIROSHIMA TYPE ATOMIC BOMBS

34. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE ROBERT Mc NAMARA, SECRETARY OF STATE DEAN RUSK AND JFK, THE MAIN POLICY MAKERS DURING THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS ALONG WITH ROBERT KENNEDY.

35. JFK HAD TWO CHOICES OF HOW TO DEAL WITH THE SITUATION IN CUBA: FIRST: HE COULD ORDER AIRSTRIKES ON THE MISSILE SITES IN CUBA AND RISK AN ALL OUT NUCLEAR WAR WITH THE USSR SECOND: HE COULD ORDER A NAVAL BLOCKADE AND STOP SOVIET SHIPS FROM BRINGING IN MISSILES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT. NO ONE KNEW HOW THE RUSSIANS WOULD REACT TO THIS. HE CHOSE THE NAVAL BLOCKADE

36. CIA trained 1,400 Cuban Exiles Kennedy cancelled air support Cubans did not rise up in support of exiles Castro personally led defense of island 1,189 captured/100 killed US paid $53 in food and medicine for their release Bay of Pigs, Cuba: April 17, 1961 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/bay-of-pigs/kennedy-2506-flag.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/baypigs.htm&h=580&w=743&sz=149&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=EaDthiYRThqXLM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=141&prev=/imag

37. PRESIDENT KENNEDY SIGNING CUBA QUARANTINE PROCLAMATION. OVAL OFFICE,WHITE HOUSE, 10/23/1962

38. OCTOBER 27, 1962: THE SOVIET SHIP GROZNY CROSSES THE QUARANTINE LINE, BUT STOPS AFTER U.S. NAVY SHIPS FIRE STAR SHELLS ACROSS HER BOW. PHOTOS OF US SHIPS ENFORCNG THE QUARANTINE AND (LEFT) SHADOWING A SOVIET SUBMARINE

39.   KHRUSHCHEV GAVE IN TO US PRESSURE AND REMOVED SOVIET MISSILES FROM CUBA FOR A US PROMISE NOT TO INVADE CUBA. MISSILES BEING LOADED ON SOVIET SHIPS FOR RETURN TO THE SOVIET UNION SOVIET CARGO SHIP LEAVING CUBA WITH MISSILES VISIBLE ABOVE THE DESK

40. ADLAI STEVENSON SHOWS AERIAL PHOTOS OF CUBAN MISSILES TO THE UNITED NATIONS IN NOVEMBER 1962.

41. ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS “THEREFORE I HAVE CALLED ON ALL PEOPLE OF THE HEMISPHERE TO JOIN IN A NEW ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS -- ALIANZA PARA PROGRESO -- A VAST COOPERATIVE EFFORT, UNPARALLELED IN MAGNITUDE AND NOBILITY OF PURPOSE TO SATISFY THE BASIC NEEDS OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE FOR HOMES, WORK AND LAND, HEALTH AND SCHOOLS - TECHO, TRABAJO Y TIERRA, SALUD Y ESCUELA.” JOHN F. KENNEDY, MARCH 13, 1961 PRESIDENT AND MRS. KENNEDY CONGRATULATE THE SON OF A NEW HOME OWNER AT LA MORITA RESETTLEMENT PROJECT NEAR CARACAS, VENEZUELA.

42. IN HIS INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF JANUARY 20, 1961, PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY CHALLENGES A NEW GENERATION OF AMERICANS TO JOIN "...A GRAND AND GLOBAL ALLIANCE...TO FIGHT TYRANNY, POVERTY, DISEASE, AND WAR..." KENNEDY CONTINUES IN HIS SPEECH, "TO THOSE PEOPLE IN THE HUTS AND VILLAGES ACROSS THE GLOBE STRUGGLING TO BREAK THE BONDS OF MASS MISERY, WE PLEDGE OUR BEST EFFORTS TO HELP THEM HELP THEMSELVES."

43. A NATIONAL NIGHTMARE BEGINS: JFK AND THE ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR PRESIDENT HO CHI MINH,DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM PRESIDENT NGO DINH DIEMREPUBLIC OF VIET NAM

44. THE US SUPPORTED A CATHOLIC, NGO DINH DIEM, WHO WAS HATED BY THE MAJORITY OF THE SOUTH VIETNAMESE WHO WERE BUDDHIST. HIS MISRULE LED TO A SMALL REBELLION WHICH GREW INTO A MAJOR WAR IN THE EARLY 1960’S. PRESIDENT EISENHOWER SENT A SMALL TRAINING UNIT TO HELP BUILD DIEM’S ARMY IN 1955. PRESIDENT OF SOUTH VIETNAM NGO DINH DIEM, LEFT, IS WELCOMED IN CEREMONIES AT WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT. WITH HIM IS PRESIDENT DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, AND BEHIND THEM, FROM LEFT, AIR FORCE CHIEF OF STAFF GENERAL NATHAN TWINING, SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN FOSTER DULLES, AND PRESIDENTIAL AIDE AND PILOT, COLONEL WILLIAM C. DRAPER. 05/08/1957

45. US ARMY ADVISORS TRAINING SOUTH VIETNAMESE SOLDIERS IN 1961-62 BOTH KOREA AND VIETNAM WERE PRODUCTS OF THE U.S. DOMINO THEORY :THE IDEA THAT COUNTRIES BORDERING COMMUNIST COUNTRIES WERE IN MORE DANGER OF FALLING TO COMMUNISM UNLESS THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER WESTERN NATIONS WORKED TO PREVENT IT.

46. THE NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (NLF) WAS ORGANIZED IN 1960 BY ANTI-DIEM GROUPS. IT WAS CONTROLLED BY FORMER COMMUNIST VIETMINH CADRES WHO HAD FOUGHT AGAINST THE FRENCH. THE NLF WAS ULTIMATELY CONTROLLED BY THE NORTH VIETNAMESE. EISENHOWER’S MILITARY ADVISORY AND ASSISTANCE GROUP WAS REPLACE BY MACV (MILITARY ASSISTANCE COMMAND VIETNAM) UNDER THE COMMAND OF GENERAL PAUL HARKINS. OVER 11,000 ADVISORS WITH MODERN WEAPONS AND AIRCRAFT WERE SENT TO HELP THE SOUTH VIETNAMESE GOVERNMENT. THE NUMBER GROWS TO 16,000 BY NOV. 1963. NLF FLAG MACV HEADQUARTERS BUILDING IN SAIGON

47. GENERAL HARKINS’ OVERLY OPTIMISTIC REPORTS LED TO A CONFUSED UNDERSTANDING OF THE TRUE SITUATION IN SOUTH VIETNAM: THE SOUTH VIETNAMESE ARMY WAS NOT FIGHTING WITH ANY SPIRIT OR SKILL AND WOULD LOSE WITHOUT A MASSIVE US TROOP DEPLOYMENT "BY CHRISTMAS IT WILL BE ALL OVER.” (AMERICAN GENERAL PAUL HARKINS, APRIL 1963). BUT IT WASN’T OVER UNTIL 1975 WHEN THE COMMUNISTS WON AND TOOK CONTROL OF SOUTH VIETNAM

48. VIETNAM 1962 STRATEGIC HAMLETS: OPERATION SUNRISE VIETNAMESE PEASANTS WERE FORCED TO BUILD AND MOVE INTO THESE FORTIFIED VILLAGES TO PREVENT CONTACT WITH COMMUNIST VIETCONG GUERRILLAS. 6800 WERE BUILT BY 1963. THEY WERE UNPOPULAR WITH THE VIETNAMESE PEOPLE AND THIS ALONG WITH OTHER ABUSES BY THE SOUTH VIETNAMESE SAIGON GOVERNMENT CAUSED MANY TO SUPPORT THE COMMUNISTS.

49. HUNDREDS OF BLOCKHOUSE STRONG POINTS WERE BUILT THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRYSIDE TO “PROTECT” THE PEASANTS FROM THE VC. THESE WERE EQUIPPED WITH THOUSANDS OF RIFLES AND MACHINE GUNS MOST OF WHICH ENDED UP IN THE HANDS OF THE VC TO BE USED AGAINST THE SOUTH VIETNAMESE AND AMERICANS

50. THE BATTLE OF AP BAC NEW PHASE OF THE VIETNAM WAR: ON JANUARY 2ND 1963, 340 VIET CONG GUERRILLAS HELD OFF THE COMBINED ASSAULTS OF MORE THAN 1500 SOUTH VIETNAMESE GOVERNMENT TROOPS NEAR THE SMALL VILLAGE OF AP BAC. SHOOTING DOWN FIVE AMERICAN HELICOPTERS AND WITHSTANDING M113 ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIERS, INFANTRY, ARTILLERY, AND CLOSE AIR SUPPORT, THE VC WITHDREW IN GOOD ORDER WITH FEW CASUALTIES, MUCH TO THE AMERICAN ADVISORS’ FRUSTRATIONS. AP BAC’S WARNING SIGNS, WHILE UNDERSTOOD BY THE LOWER-LEVEL ADVISORS AND THE PRESS, WERE LOST ON THE SENIOR AMERICAN CIVIL AND MILITARY LEADERSHIP. THE SOUTH VIETNAMESE ARMY WOULD NOT FIGHT SO WAS IT WORTH THE LIVES OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS TO DEFEND THEIR NATION WHEN THEY THEMSELVES WOULDN’T? MODERN VIETNAM MONUMENT TO THE COMMUNIST VICTORS OF THE BATTLE OF AP BAC.