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Understanding Viruses: Characteristics, Examples, and Prevention Methods

Learn about the structure, replication, and examples of viruses such as HIV, Influenza, Ebola, and more. Explore how vaccines play a crucial role in preventing viral infections. Discover the history of smallpox eradication and the significance of vaccination in fighting diseases.

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Understanding Viruses: Characteristics, Examples, and Prevention Methods

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  1. A: Ch.19, section 2H: Ch.25 Microbiology Image from: http://evans.amedd.army.mil/lab/micro.htm

  2. Part 1: Viruses Essential Question: How do viruses differ from bacteria?

  3. A. Definition • A nonliving particle that needs a host cell to survive Hepatitis HIV Bacteriophage Images from: http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1024; http://www.digitalhen.co.uk/news/health-14328300; http://www.ght.org.uk/news/category/non-progressors

  4. B. Structure Made of 2 important things: 1. Contains either DNAor RNA 2. Surrounded by a proteincoat known as a CAPSID

  5. C. Replication 1. Lytic Cycle --virus IMMEDIATELY makes more viruses and destroys the host cell

  6. C. Replication (cont) • 2. Lysogenic cycle • --These viruses can hide in host until signaled to replicate Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7911/2025347.cw/index.html

  7. Thus, Not all viruses replicate immediately. Lysogenic Cycle viruses Lytic Cycle viruses

  8. D. Examples of Viruses Rabies Chicken pox Influenza Images from: http://bacvirpara.blogspot.com/2011/07/varicella-zoster-virus-chicken-pox.html http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/ http://www.doctortipster.com/6952-dutch-researcher-created-a-super-influenza-virus-with-the-potential-to-kill-millions.html;

  9. D. Examples of Viruses (cont) 1. Bacteriophage • a VIRUS that attacks bacteria • Have a protein "tail" attached that is used to infect the host bacteria. Click on image

  10. D. Examples of Viruses (cont) 2. Tobacco Mosaic Virus = example of a plant virus Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7911/2025347.cw/index.html

  11. D. Examples of Viruses (cont) 3. Ebola = example of an animal virus Link to 2014 outbreak in Africa Link to Ebola outbreak 2014: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/?mobile=nocontent Image from: http://giantelectric.blogspot.com/2011/10/5-of-most-horrifying-things-ive-ever.html; http://www.betterworldbooks.com/the-hot-zone-id-0385479565.aspx

  12. D. Examples of Viruses (cont) 4. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • This virus can lead • to AIDS • Is an example of a retrovirus • Contains RNA and reverse transcriptase Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/viruses/hivvirus.html; http://scienceline.org/2007/07/scientists-moser-hiv-epidemiologist/

  13. D. Examples of Viruses (cont) 5. Influenza Virus • RNA containing virus • Mutates rapidly Click on image Magnification: approximately x70,000 Video clip 4 + 5 Image from: http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/; http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/viruses/influenzavirus.html;

  14. E. Location of Infection • Viral infections usually involve several parts of the body • Examples: • Cold and flu Image from: http://lynnkerewchiropractic.com/blog/all-natural-remedies-for-the-flu/

  15. F. Prevention • Antibiotics CANNOT KILL viruses • Instead, VACCINES are used to PREVENT viruses. • Vaccine= • A dead or weakened version of a virus that helps to increase immunity in the host Measles Outbreaks Video Clips Part 1: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/all-in-/52860666#52860666 Part 2: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/all-in-/52860666#52860720 Image from: http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/851253/doctors-debate-the-benefits-of-vaccine-cocooning/

  16. F. Prevention—Smallpox Eradication • Symptoms: • High fever • Fatigue • Malaise • A characteristic rash, most prominent on the face, arms, and legs, follows 2 to 3 days after the first symptoms. The rash starts with flat red lesions (sores) that develop at the same rate. After a few days, the lesions become filled with pus. They begin to crust early in the second week. Scabs develop and then separate and fall off after about 3 weeks. • Headache • Backache • Rash • Smallpox is a disfiguring and potentially deadly infectious disease caused by the Variola major virus. Before smallpox was eradicated, there were two forms of the disease worldwide: Variola major, the deadly disease, and Variola minor, a much milder form. According to some health experts, over the centuries smallpox was responsible for more deaths than all other infectious diseases combined. • The last naturally occurring case of smallpox was reported in 1977. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eradicated. Currently, there is no evidence of naturally occurring smallpox transmission anywhere in the world. Although a worldwide immunization program eradicated smallpox disease decades ago, small quantities of smallpox virus officially still exist in two research laboratories in Atlanta, Georgia, and in Russia. Content from: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/smallpox/Pages/Default.aspx

  17. F. Prevention—measles Article from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6236a2.htm

  18. F. Prevention Vaccines Part 1: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/all-in-/52860666#52860666 Part 2: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/all-in-/52860666#52860720 http://violentmetaphors.com/2013/08/14/the-truth-about-vaccinations-your-physician-knows-more-than-the-university-of-google/

  19. Vaccine Activity Go to: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines.html Can be found on my website Image from: http://www.123rf.com/photo_4335978_pipette-with-drop-of-liquid-over-test-tubes-for-an-experiment-in-a-science-research-lab.html

  20. Part 2: Bacteria Essential Question: How do viruses differ from bacteria?

  21. A. Facts (cont) 6. Oxygen Relationships Obligate aerobe= require oxygen to live Obligate anaerobe= require a complete absence of oxygen to live Facultative anaerobe= either or (can survive with oxygen, but doesn’t need it)

  22. B. Structure  Fill in diagram

  23. C. Reproduction • MOST bacteria reproduce by BINARY FISSION • (see picture) • Conjugation: some bacteria exchange genetic info by forming a temporary bridge Endospore: some bacteria form an endospore and go dormant when conditions are unfavorable Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7910/2025031.cw/index.html

  24. C. Reproduction Conjugation Images from: http://www.3dscience.com/3D_Images/Biology/Bacterial/Bacterial_Types/Conjugation.php; http://bacteriakingdoms.com/conjugation-bacteria

  25. C. Reproduction “To appreciate the explosive potential for population increase, consider a single bacterium that can reproduce by fission every 20 minutes under ideal conditions. There would be two bacteria after 20 minutes, four after 40 minutes, eight after 80 minutes, and so on. If this continued for a day and a half—a mere 36 hours—there would be bacteria enough to form a layer a foot deep over the entire Earth.” ~pg. 730 Campbell, N., Reece, J., Taylor, M., Simon, E. (2006). Biology:Concepts and Connections. Fifth edition. New York: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7923/2028311.cw/index.html

  26. E. Location of Infection • Bacterial infections are USUALLY localized at single point • Examples: • strep throat • urinary tract infections • most ear infections • some sinus infections Image from: http://lynnkerewchiropractic.com/blog/all-natural-remedies-for-the-flu/

  27. F. Treatment • Antibiotics CAN KILL bacteria • Antibiotic = Drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with various cellular functions. • Antibiotic resistant bacteria = ? Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin in 1929 Images from: http://herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/funfacts/penicillin.htm; http://www.positivehealth.com/article/candida/superbugs-is-this-the-final-warning

  28. Fun Facts There are more bacterial cells in your body than there are human cells. Scientists estimate that bacteria produce nearly half the oxygen found in the atmosphere There are more microbes on your body than there are humans on the entire planet. An area of skin as small as 6.5 square cm (1 square inch) may be home to more than half a million microbes. Bacteria

  29. Activities 1. Video Clips • United Streaming: “Understanding Bacteria” • Clips to show • Play through the first four full segments—1-under the microscope: anthrax 1:24, 2-understanding bacteria 3:55, 3-the good and bad sides of bacteria 11:06, and 4-Penicillin: From creation to resistance 5:15—then stop the video when “gold bug” comes up and discuss what was viewed with the class). • Understanding: Bacteria. Discovery Channel School(2004). • Link to video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIqwggzbBoA 2. Mysteries of the Black Death Video 3. News Article about Steve Crohn Link: http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/09/21/224506556/in-life-man-immune-to-hiv-helped-scientists-fight-virus 4. Viruses vs Bacteria Venn Diagram Image from: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/secrets_of_the_dead_mystery_of_the_black_death/

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