Grade 8 TEKS/TAKS: U.S. Colonial Period through Reconstruction

1. Grade 8 TEKS/TAKS:U.S. Colonial Periodthrough Reconstruction Presentation by Mr. Hataway Created April 9, 2005 Revised April 14, 2010

2. 1607 • First permanent English settlement in North America established by the Virginia Company. • Settlement called Jamestown in honor of King James I of England.

3. 1607 • What factors encouraged settlement? • Peace with Spain • Lure of adventure • Markets and the prospect of religious freedom

4. 1776 • June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia moves for independence at the Second Continental Congress.

5. 1776 • Committee including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston, charged with drafting the document.

6. 1776 • July 4, 1776, fifty-six representatives from the thirteen colonies approved the Declaration of Independence.

7. Unalienable Rights • Fundamental rights. • Natural rights guaranteed to people naturally instead of by law. • The Declaration of Independence equates natural rights with several truths, “that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

8. Articles of Confederation • The nation’s first constitution • Adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. • Gave Congress limited authority. • Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

9. 1787 • Between May 25 and September 17, 1787, delegates met in Philadelphia to revise the Article of Confederation.

10. 1787 • Instead they drafted a new Constitution. • Federalists and Anti-federalists faced off over issues of states’ rights, human liberties, and governmental authority.

11. Federalist Papers • Series of 85 essays which explained the new government and the division of power. • Written by leading Federalists John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.

12. Federalist Papers • For example, in The Federalist #10, Hamilton defines the republican form of government which Federalists envisioned and the process of electing representatives to Congress.

13. 1803 • The U.S., under the leadership of President Thomas Jefferson, acquired the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon Bonaparte, ruler of France, for $15 million. • Purchase doubled the size of the U.S.

14. 1803

15. 1803 • Marbury v. Madison • Established the principle of judicial review, the power of the courts to determine that a law can be declared unconstitutional.

16. War of 1812 • “The Second War of Independence” • U.S. drawn into war because of economic ties to warring nations of Great Britain and France. • They paid little attention to right of U.S. to trade or to remain neutral in their war.

17. War of I812 • Pres. James Madison asked Congress to declare war on Great Britain.

18. War of I812 • Three main reasons for war: • Impressment of U.S. sailors • Violation of U.S. rights at sea • British support of Native American opposition to colonial settlement.

19. War of 1812 • After defeating Napoleon in mid-1814, the British took more aggressive action. • Invaded several ports • Set fire to the White House and the Capitol.

20. War of 1812 • Treaty of Ghent • Signed in December 1814 formally ending the war.

21. War of 1812 • Battle of New Orleans • Took place two weeks later – Jan. 8, 1815 • Gen. Andrew Jackson won public recognition for defending the city against superior British forces. • Neither side knew the war had already ended.

22. Monroe Doctrine • Formulated by Sec. of State John Q. Adams and Pres. James Monroe in 1823 • Foreign policy statement which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the U.S. or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. • Also that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.

23. Nullification Crisis • In 1828, Congress approved a high tariff to protect U.S. interests from competition from foreign trade. • This angered southerners who dealt directly with merchants in Britain. • Planters favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of their states over the federal government.

24. Nullification Crisis • Sen. John C. Calhoun (SC), declared the federal tariff null and void. • To prevent a civil war, Senator Henry Clay (KY), proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which gradually reduced the protective tariff over ten years.

25. Abolitionist Movement • Began during the Revolutionary era. • Pennsylvania Quakers established first anti-slavery society in 1775. • Republic of Liberia, est. 1822, west coast of Africa, served as a destination for approximately 15,000 former slaves.

26. Abolitionist Movement • American Anti-Slavery Society founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison. • African Americans, Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth, played key roles in the abolitionist movement.

27. American Civil War: 1861-1865 • Began April 12, 1861, with firing on Fort Sumter and ended with Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House in early April 1865.

28. American Civil War: 1861-1865 • South Carolina was the first to secede. • South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas formed the Confederate States of America.

29. American Civil War: 1861-1865 • 1861 • President Lincoln took oath of office March 4, 1861 • Battle of Bull Run • First battle of the war. • Fought near Manassas Junction, Virginia. • Ended with a Confederate victory.

30. American Civil War: 1861-1865 • 1862 • Battle of Antietam • Bloodiest single-day battle of the war • Occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862 • Emancipation Proclamation issued on September 23, following the Union victory at Antietam

31. American Civil War: 1861-1865 • 1863 • July 1-4, 1863 • Battle of Gettysburg, turned Confederate invasion of the North. • Battle of Vicksburg, gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.

32. American Civil War: 1861-1865 • 1864 • Ulysses S. Grant appointed commander of the Union army following Vicksburg • Gen. Grant sent Gen. William T. Sherman to the South where he captured and burned Atlanta.

33. American Civil War: 1861-1865 • 1865 • In April, Union troops captured Richmond and surrounded Lee. • April 9, 1865, Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia. • April 15, 1865, President Lincoln died from an assassin’s bullet.

34. American Civil War: 1861-1865

35. Reconstruction • Radical Reconstruction • Radical Republicans in Congress favored harsh treatment of the South and quick incorporation of the freemen into citizenship with full privileges including • voting rights for all African Americans • government seizure of land from planters for redistribution to freedmen • funding of schools for African Americans

36. Reconstruction • Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. • Southern states had to accept the 14th Amendment and rewrite their constitutions so all adult men were able to vote. • Ex-Confederates were considered traitors, therefore, not eligible to vote.

37. Reconstruction • The Compromise of 1877 • Effectively ended Reconstruction. • Compromise solved an impasse caused by the close election of 1876 • Samuel J. Tilden (Dem) • Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) • Southern states of LA, FL, and SC submitted two sets of returns, one Dem and one Rep.

38. http://www.authentichistory.com/images/postcivilwar/maps_and_charts/1877_compromise_of_1877.jpghttp://www.authentichistory.com/images/postcivilwar/maps_and_charts/1877_compromise_of_1877.jpg

39. Reconstruction • The Compromise of 1877 • Hayes became president. • Withdraw federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina.

40. Reconstruction • 13th Amendment • Adopted in 1865, eight months after the Civil War ended. • Legally forbade slavery in the United States.

41. Reconstruction • 14th Amendment • Declared all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. citizens. • All citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race. • Rights protected at both the national and state levels by the due process of the law.

42. Reconstruction • 15th Amendment • Ratified in 1870 • Extended the right to vote to former adult male slaves.

43. The End