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Understanding Motor Learning. Performance versus Learning. Performance - observable behavior efficiency or precision of a movement Learning - inferred from performance a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice. Transfer Paradigm.
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Performance versus Learning • Performance - observable behavior • efficiency or precision of a movement • Learning - inferred from performance • a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice
Transfer Paradigm important for assessing “relative permanence” of information or what we might commonly refer to as learning • adequate retention interval • test on common level of the independent variable
Behavioral changes associated with motor learning ? • behavior is more accurate • behavior is faster • behavior is more consistent • behavior is persistent • behavior is adaptable (maybe) • behavior is economical
Behavior is more accurate (expert-novice) volleyball players with tennis task
Behavior is adaptable (maybe) Effector Independent Effector dependent (Verwey & Wright
Behavior is economical Wright & Kemp, 1992
Stages of Learning (Fitts & Posner) • Cognitive Stage • Associative Stage • Autonomous Stage
Stages of Learning (Karni, 1995) • Fast Stage • Rapid Improvement in one (or few) session of practice • Intermediate Stage • Memory Consolidation (6 hrs) • Slow Stage • May occur over weeks or months (maybe longer)
Types of Motor Learning • Sequence Learning (phone number, golf swing)
Types of Motor Learning • Visual-Motor and Dynamic Adaptation (in space, in rehabilitation)
Motor Adaptation: Setup Shadmehr & Brashers-Krug, The Journal of Neuroscience, 1997, 17(1):409–419
Motor Adaptation: Results Shadmehr & Brashers-Krug, The Journal of Neuroscience, 1997, 17(1):409–419
Motor Adaptation: An illustration Brashers-Krug et al., (1996) Nature, 382, 252-255
Neural Changes with Learning • Processes • Regions • Activation Level • Structural Changes
Changing neural contributions during learning Controlled Automatic Cognitive Motor Spatial Prefrontal Pre-SMA Parietal Premotor M1 Cerebellum (posterior) Cerebellum (Anterior) Temporal K.Sakai et al. (2004). TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 8 (12), 547-553 J. Doyon et al. / Behavioural Brain Research 199 (2009) 61–75
FAST SLOW
Changing neural contributions during learning: Explicit • Early: Acquisition • Bi-lateral in nature* • Posterior • BG: Dorso-medial striatum (associative) • Cerebellump • Hippocampus • DLPFC
Changing neural contributions during learning: Explicit • Late: Recall • Unilateral • Anterior • BG: Dorsolateral striatum (motor) • M1 • Premotor • S1
BG and Cerebellum: Learning Basal Ganglia Early vs. Late Anterior vs. Posterior Unilateral vs. Bilateral Cerebellum
Structural change with learning? Pascual-Leone, A. et al. (1995) JOURNALOFNEUROPHYSIOLOGY , 74(3), 1037-1045