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Culture Dimensions

Culture Dimensions. Ethnographic Psychological. Cultural dimensions. Ethnographic perspective (Hall): Interpersonal Communication Low Context – High context Personal space Large – small Use of time Monochronic - polychronic. Psychological: Hofstede. Learned behaviour Shared values

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Culture Dimensions

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  1. Culture Dimensions Ethnographic Psychological

  2. Cultural dimensions Ethnographic perspective (Hall): • Interpersonal Communication • Low Context – High context • Personal space • Large – small • Use of time • Monochronic - polychronic

  3. Psychological: Hofstede • Learned behaviour • Shared values • Mutually reinforcing • Evolving • Impact on attitudes and behaviours • Heterogeneous

  4. Hofstede Dimensions • Power distance • unequal power expected and accepted • High PD  centralized, top-down control. • Individualism versus Collectivism • individual rights more important than groups • Masculinity versus Femininity • Competitive against nurturing • Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) • Risk avoidance- risk taking • Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation (LTO)

  5. Hampden-Trompenaars • Universalism vs. Particularism • Analysing vs. Integrating • Individualism vs. Communitarianism • Inner-directed vs. Outer-directed • Time: sequential vs synchronous • Achieved status vs. Ascribed status • Equality vs. Hierarchy

  6. Anti western: Chinese • Cultural background • Confucianism • Filial piety; Loyalty to superiors; Social order; Gender roles; Mutual trust • Rank; Social harmony • Business • General • Guanxi: connections • Mien-tzu: dignity, reputation, self-image: Lian; minzi • Renqing: personal obligations • Family: gong-si

  7. Focus Traditional way Content Ethical behaviour Experience Paternalistic Conformity Solutions from top Focus Innovation Achievement Strategic behaviour Education Professional Individualistic Everyone solve problems See Steers and Naradon (2006) Changing cultures: Traditional  new

  8. Multinational adjustments and employees Ferner et al (2001): • German multinationals operating in Britain and Spain. • parent-country system, host system • Pressures: • to adopt standard 'Anglo-Saxon' (HR/IR) practces, explicit formal culture • German features persist • Institutional constraints of host country

  9. Some References Bond, M.H. (2002) Reclaiming the Individual From Hofstede’s Ecological Analysis— A 20-Year Odyssey: Comment on Oyserman et al. Psychological bulletin 128(1): 73 -77. Ferner, A., Quintanilla, J., Varul, M.Z. (2001) Country-of-Origin Effects, Host-Country Effects, and the Management of HR in Multinationals: German Companies in Britain and Spain. Journal of World Business, 36(2): 107-127

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