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Entitlements, Commons and Vulnerability in Vietnam Neil Leary, START

Entitlements, Commons and Vulnerability in Vietnam Neil Leary, START. Entitlements. A. Sen, 1981, Poverty and Famines, an essay on entitlement and depravation .

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Entitlements, Commons and Vulnerability in Vietnam Neil Leary, START

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  1. Entitlements, Commons and Vulnerability in VietnamNeil Leary, START

  2. Entitlements • A. Sen, 1981, Poverty and Famines, an essay on entitlement and depravation. • “Starvation is the characteristic of some people not having enough food to eat. It is not the characteristic of there being not enough food to eat.” • Statements about starvation are statements about entitlements, not production

  3. Case studies of Vietnam • L.Q. Huy and N.C. Thanh. “An assessment of social vulnerability to climate change in a time of renovation.” Preliminary results from an AIACC project. • N. Adger, M. Kelly and N.H. Ninh, Living with Environmental Change: Social vulnerability, adaptation and resilience in Vietnam.

  4. Changes in entitlements • Doi moi, policy of economic renovation • Privatize agricultural land • Dismantle cooperative system, and their restrictions on markets for farm inputs, outputs • Labor market liberalized, more opportunities but guarantee of employment lost • Mechanization of agriculture promoted

  5. Changes in performance of agriculture sector of Vietnam • Higher prices for farm outputs • Increased investment and other inputs to agriculture, improved farm management • Dramatic increases in output • Diversification of livelihoods • Rising incomes • Underemployment of farm labor; migration of male laborers for off-farm income • Income distribution becoming less equal

  6. Common Pool Resources • G. Hardin, 1968, The tragedy of the commons • E. Ostrom and others, eds., 2002, The drama of the commons

  7. Common pool resource • Valued resource that can be used by more than one person • Use by one person subtracts from what is available to others • Subject to degradation from overuse • Exclusion is costly

  8. Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province

  9. Livelihood groups in Giao Thuy • Shrimp farmers • Rice farmers • Salt-makers

  10. Changes in entitlements to mangroves • Mangroves had been common property, managed by collectives • Relied on primarily by poorer households • Transferred to private property • Beneficiaries generally the better off households • Privately owned mangroves converted to agricultural lands and shrimp farms

  11. Consequences of privatizing mangroves • Entitlements of poorer households decreased • Productivity of fishery degraded • Incomes of poorer households reduced; capacity for coping, adapting reduced • Entitlements expand for households allocated rights to mangroves • Incomes increased; capacity for coping, adapting increased • Distribution of income becoming less equal

  12. Does growing inequality add to vulnerability? • Inequality implies households less homogenous in their interests, perspectives • Diminished likelihood of successful collective action? • Non-cooperative exploitation of fishery increased • Conflict over conversion/preservation of remaining mangroves, access to fishery • Failure to continue investment in coastal protection systems • But – informal credit unions developed

  13. Giao Thuy exposed to climatic hazards • June 1992 Typhoon Chuck • June 1996 Typhoon Frankie • September 1998 tropical depression

  14. Household income and cyclone losses Shrimp farmers Income Losses Millions VND (1998) Rice farmers Income Losses Source: Huy & Thanh, preliminary results. Do not cite.

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