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Spanish Conquests in America. Ch 20.1. What do you remember???. What was the motive behind exploration? Spices What was the motto? God, Glory, Gold Who was the first to travel around the tip of Africa? Bartolomeu Diaz Which country was the leader in exploration at first? Portugal
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Spanish Conquests in America Ch 20.1
What do you remember??? • What was the motive behind exploration? • Spices • What was the motto? • God, Glory, Gold • Who was the first to travel around the tip of Africa? • Bartolomeu Diaz • Which country was the leader in exploration at first? • Portugal • Which two countries teamed together to overpower Portugal? • Netherlands and England
The Spice Trade • Many merchants were becoming extremely wealthy through the spice trade. • Christopher Columbus believed he could open a trade route heading west across the Atlantic Ocean to reach India. • He needed ships and a crew. • He asked the Portuguese king for financing and was denied.
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabellaof Spain • Spain finally succeeded in kicking out the Moors, and they could finally focus on sea exploration. • Christopher Columbus sought financial help from the Spanish monarchy. • The Spanish monarchy refused his request 3 times. • The Queen called for Columbus when she learned he was going to ask the French for the money.
Agreement • The Spanish monarchy promised Columbus that he would be governor over lands he discovered, as well as be called, ‘admiral of the ocean seas’. • Columbus would also receive 10% of the profits. • In return, Columbus agreed to spread Christianity and return with gold, silver, and spices.
The Italian explorer left Spain on August 3, 1492 in search of a westward route across the Atlantic to reach India. Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. The Santa Maria was the largest ship and the slowest. The Pinta and Nina were smaller caravels, which were quicker. He took about 120 men, including an Arabic interpreter. Christopher Columbus
Mutiny afoot! • His sailors began to grumble that the voyage was taking too long. • Columbus said that if they didn’t see land within the next three days, that they would turn back towards Spain. • On October 12, 1492, Columbus and his crew landed in the Caribbean.
Columbus Journal Excerpt Wednesday, October 10, 1492 “They grumbled and complained of the long voyage, and I reproached them for their lack of spirit, telling them that, for better or worse, they had to complete the enterprise on which the Catholic Sovereigns had sent them. I cheered them on as best I could, telling them of all the honors and rewards they were about to receive. I also told the men that it was useless to complain, for I had started out to find the Indies and would continue until I had accomplished that mission, with the help of Our Lord.”
The Bahamas • He landed on an island somewhere in the Bahamas. • Historians debate exactly where Columbus first set foot. • The first island he visited, he claimed for the Spanish throne and renamed it ‘San Salvador’ -translation for ‘Holy Savior’.
Today San Salvador island (also known as Watling Island and Guanahani Island) is known for its sandy beaches and tropical climate. Population is approx 1,000 Close up of San Salvador
Can you imagineColumbus’s crew landing here? How would this environment be different than Spain? How do you think Columbus and his men felt? San Salvador
The Taino people • Columbus believed he had reached the ‘Indies’, and therefore named the indigenous people ‘los indios’, or the Indians. • However, he was not in the Indies. • The people he encountered called themselves the Taino. • The Taino people were spread out all across the Bahaman islands.
Columbus Journal excerpt • “I presented them with some red caps, and strings of glass beads to wear upon the neck, and many other trifles of small value, wherewith they were much delighted, and became wonderfully attached to us. Afterwards they came swimming to the boats where we were, bringing parrots, balls of cotton thread, javelins, and many other things…”
“They all go completely naked…All whom I saw were young, not above thirty years of age, well made, with fine shapes and faces; their hair short, and coarse like that of a horse’s tail, combed toward the forehead, except a small portion which they suffer to hang down behind, and never cut. Some paint themselves with black, which makes them appear like those of the Canaries, neither black nor white; others with white, others with red, and others with such colors as they can find. Some paint the face, and some the whole body; others only the eyes, and others the nose.”
“Weapons they have none, nor are acquainted with them, for I showed them swords which they grasped by the blades, and cut themselves through ignorance. They have no iron, their javelins being without it, and nothing more than sticks, though some have fish-bones or other things at the ends.”
Gold • Columbus was highly interested in finding gold. • He explored many islands throughout the Caribbean looking for gold. • He also claimed each island for Spain.
Columbus returns to Spain • The Spanish monarchy was extremely pleased with Columbus. • They financed three more voyages to the islands. • On his second voyage, he had 17 ships in his fleet and several armed soldiers. • He also brought 1,000 settlers. • The Spanish intended to colonize the area.
Pedro Alvares Cabral • In 1500, Portuguese explorer Cabral reached Brazil and claimed the land for his country.
Amerigo Vespucci • Italian explorer working for the Portuguese crown. • Traveled along the eastern coast of South America. • He returned to Europe and claimed that the newly discovered land was not part of ASIA, but a “New World”. • In 1507, a German map-maker named the new continent ‘America’ after him.
Interesting Note • Columbus died never knowing that he discovered the New World. • He died still believing it was the Indies.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa • Marched through modern day Panama and became the first Spanish explorer to see the Pacific ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan • 1519, Portuguese explorer Magellan led an expedition to the Pacific Ocean. • He sailed around the tip of South America. • 230 men • 5 ships • Financed by Spain • Food supplies ran out. Sailors ate hard biscuits full of weevils and sawdust.
First trip around the globe • Magellan Explored Guam and the Philippines • Magellan got involved in a local war in the Philippines and was killed. • His crew was greatly reduced by disease and starvation. • only 18 men and one ship arrived back in Spain in 1522, 3 years later. • They were the first people to circumnavigate the world.
Hernando Cortez (Spanish Conquistador, ‘Conqueror’) • Arrived in Mexico in 1519. • Cortes and his men reached the Tenochtitlan. • The Aztec emperor, Montezuma II, was convinced at first that Cortes was a god. • He agreed to give the Spanish explorer a share of the empire’s existing gold supply.
Cortes forced the Aztecs to mine more gold and silver. • In the spring of 1520, the Aztecs rebelled against the Spanish intruders and drove out Cortes’s forces. • The Spaniards struck back and destroyed the Aztecs in 1521.
Cortes defeats the Aztecs • The Spanish had the advantage of superior weaponry. • Aztec arrows were no match for the Spaniards’ muskets and cannons. • Cortes was also able to recruit help from various native tribes.
Malinche • Native Aztec woman who helped Cortez convince other tribes to fight against Montezuma. • Many tribes hated their harsh practices of human sacrifices.
Disease • Disease claimed the lives of most Aztecs. • Spaniards brought new germs and diseases to the Natives. • Measles • Mumps • Smallpox • typhus • Over the next 200 years disease would claim over 1/3 of Native American lives.
Francisco Pizarro • In 1532, another Spanish conquistador, Pizarro, marched an even smaller force into South America. • He conquered the mighty Inca empire. • Pizarro and his army of 200 met with Atahualpa. • Atahualpa brought several unarmed men with him. (why do think the men were unarmed?)
The Spaniards crushed the Incas and kidnapped their ruler. • Atahualpa offered to fill a room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his release. • After the Spaniards received the ransom, they strangled Atahualpa. • Pizarro then took control of the Inca capital, Cuzco.
A new society emerges • Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain who came to America as settlers or explorers. • Peninsulares were mostly men, therefore many married native women. • A new race was created called Mestizo – mixed Spanish and Native American.
