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Society of castas: Spanish America. Rural/Urban Gender: patriarchies and double standards--Native, Iberian, African Condition: slave/not encomendado/not Race/ calidad / casta : espa ñol, indio, casta-- phenotype (color), not enough Culture: language, dress, food, social interaction
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Society of castas: Spanish America • Rural/Urban • Gender: patriarchies and double standards--Native, Iberian, African • Condition: slave/not encomendado/not • Race/calidad/casta: español, indio, casta--phenotype (color), not enough • Culture: language, dress, food, social interaction • Class, wealth: poor, not
1580: colonial hegemony Spanish cities and towns: 225 (tot. pop ~500,000) Native towns and villages: thousands (~5 million) Spanish mines and plantations
Post-conquest society(Spanish America) urban rural
Gender: patriarchies and double standards • Native: gendered division of laboruniversal, early marriage (15-16 yrs)access to village lands via household • Iberiansex-ratio imbalance--5-10 males/femalenearly universal, later marriage (17-18)equi-partible inheritance • Africansex ratio imbalance--3 males/femaleslavery threatened family, communityadvantage of informal unions
Race/calidad/casta Racial lines more apparent than real Phenotype (color) not enough Flexibility: calidad (character, reputation) Crossings
Three divisions Españolpeninsular, creole Indioencomendado,migrant (naboria) Castanegro (bozal)mulato, etc.
Marriageways Spain: “Better to marry than to burn”--low illegitimacy in Spain. New Spain: “Better to be well fixed with a concubine than badly married.”--high illegitimacy in Spanish America.
Slavery • Indian: rampant in the Caribbean (until the virtual extinction of the population) and on the frontiers (until the end of colonial rule) • African: first the earliest conquestssmall in number until 18th centurybut important in society, economy and even politics (militias)
Slave Traffic from Africa: 1451-1870 (data repeated on next 4 maps) • 1451-1600: beginning (1/4 million) • 1601-1700: growing (1.3 million) • 1701-1811: peaking (6 million) • 1811-1870: declining (2 million)
Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): 1451-1600, beginning (1/4 million)(P.D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade) 50 100 75 50
Slave Traffic: 1601-1700, growing (1.3 million) 25 300 250 150 50 600
Slave Traffic: 1701-1810, peaking (6 million) 350 1,400 600 1,400 450 1,900
Slave Traffic: 1811-1870, declining (2 million) 50 600 100 1,100
Cacao Boom: Venezuela, 4 regions occurred after 1680s(data for 1684, 1720, 1744) Caracas
Encomienda and encomenderos • Encomenderos: conquerors and royal favorites • Encomienda: Grants of tribute and labor of native villagers, primarily to conquistadores • Crown attempts to convert from private to royal control (New Laws of 1542) • Attempts to restrict use of labor by encomenderos (personal service banned 1549) • Labor drafts: mita and repartimiento (1550-)
Potosí (Upper Peru), 1545: richest silver mine in the early modern world
Inside Potosí: native miners Migrant labor draft: mita every 7 years 16 provinces: lost 50% of pop in a century