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Decline of Communism & Revolutions of 1989. U16: Postwar Europe AP European History Ms. Tully - UHS. A. Solidarity in Poland. Poland an unruly satellite state Economic mismanagement Cardinal Karol Wojtyla Pope John Paul II Aug. 1980 – strike at Lenin shipyards in Gdansk.
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Decline of Communism & Revolutions of 1989 U16: Postwar Europe AP European History Ms. Tully - UHS
A. Solidarity in Poland • Poland an unruly satellite state • Economic mismanagement • Cardinal Karol Wojtyla Pope John Paul II • Aug. 1980 – strike at Lenin shipyards in Gdansk
5. Gdansk Agreement 6. Solidarity – free & democratic trade union led by Lech Walesa 7. Economic decline in 1970s, Polish communist leadership blamed Solidarity 8. Solidarity survived, Poles continued push for freedom
B. Gorbachev’s Reforms in the Soviet Union • Communist party bureaucracy still strong in early 1980s • Mikhail Gorbachev became leader in 1985 – idealist, reformer • Perestroika economic reform
4. Glasnost openness in gov & media 5. Democratization free elections in April 1989 to Congress of People’s Deputies 6. Calls for national independence by non-Russian minorities 7. Reforms on foreign policy cooling of cold war tensions
E. Revolutions of 1989 • Gorbachev’s reforms snowball effect • Series of peaceful revolutions • Broke apart SU 15 countries • Germany reunified • US only superpower
F. Revolution in Poland • 1988 – brink of economic collapse • 1989 – Solidarity legalized, free elections • Aug. 1989 – Lech Walesa new leader of Poland, new Solidarity gov • Shock therapy economic reforms
G. Revolution in Hungary/East Germany • Minor liberalization of economy after 1956 • Communist embraced reform, free elections • Opened border with EGR, AUS refugees pour into WGR
Homegrown protests in EGR • Berlin Wall opened Nov. 1989 • Reform gov replaced CM
H. Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia • CM declined rapidly in Nov-Dec 1989 • Vaclav Havel, large demonstrations • Vaclav Havel elected president
I. German Unification • Reform CM came to power in Oct. 1989 • EGR absorbed in WGR • Fall of Berlin Wall • Leadership of Helmut Kohl • Alliance for Germany • Peace agreement, July 1990 • WGR + EGR = Unified GR! Oct. 1990 • Paris Accord
J. Disintegration of Soviet Union • Rising nationalism from ethnic minorities • Lithuania declared independence • New constitution in SU • Rise of Boris Yeltsin (1931-2007) • Attempted CM coup, Aug. 1991 • Yeltsin elected president of Russian Federation • Dec. 25, 1991 collapse of SU