Reactions to Revolutions

1. Reactions to Revolutions

2. Timeline of Political Revolutions Latin American Revolutions Mexican Revolution American Revolution (1848) Revs in Europe 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 • French Revolution began (1789) • Louis XVI executed – Reign of Terror begins • Directory took over France • Napoleon took over France • Napoleon defeated at Waterloo (1815) • Congress of Vienna (1815)

3. After the Reign of Terror and the unpopular Directory, people were feeling… Unstable Lost Weak Still poor (except Middle Class)

4. What type of gov’t would you want in if you felt that way? • A STRONG leader • A clear DIRECTION • Power and PROTECTION

5. NAPOLEON! "...Although I have fought sixty battles, I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning."

6. Napoleon Bonaparte: • French military general • Seized power from Directory (coup d’etat) • Crowned himself emperor

7. How he improved France • Military – defended France • Economy – improved for ALL people • Education – free public schools • Law – Napoleonic Code set same strict laws for everyone in empire

8. Napoleon’s Empire

9. Took over most of Europe • Replaced monarchs with his relatives

10. Defeated by harsh Russian winter

11. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo

12. How he impacted Europe • Brought stability to France • Spread democratic ideas throughout Europe • Caused Congress of Vienna Reactions AGAINST the Political Revolutions

13. Congress of Vienna Meeting of leaders to redraw the map of Europe and undo the French Revolution

14. Conservatives Liberals • Want to go back to the way things were - monarchies • Democratic reform! • A voice in government!

15. The Real Congress of Vienna conservative conservative conservative conservative

16. Balance of power We have to make sure that no single country wages war on the rest of Europe again. So no one country can get as strong as France was under Napoleon Reaction against Napoleon’s powerful France – don’t let any nation get that powerful again

17. Led to NATIONALISM Across Europe

19. 1848: • Many small revolutions took place in Europe. • Sent message: Democracy is NOT going away

20. Unification of Germany • Many small German states want to form one nation – Germany! • Otto von Bismarck used “blood and iron” (WAR!) to unite states

21. Before 1815: 39 states make up a German Confederation • Austria dominated, but Prussia wanted unification

22. AHH Man! Hmmm…who else will help me with this…. NO! NO! NO! NO! NO! Reichstag (congress) Please may I have some money to build up a really cool army? Pretty please with a cherry on top? Kaiser Wilhelm

23. Whatevs! I’m just taking the money. • “It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided… but by blood and iron.

24. He was also a foreign policy genius who believed in Realpolitik(doing whatever is necessary to reach your political goals without worrying about morality.)

25. "Politics is the art of the possible, the attainable… the art of the next best." • "Laws are like sausages. It's better not to see them being made." • "Better pointed bullets than pointed words." • "Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied."

26. Bismark Unified Germany with 3 wars • Denmark • Austria • And France

27. Bismarck released a telegram to the press that made it seem like Prussian King Wilhelm I was insulting France. It got France to declare war on Prussia "The Ems Telegram should have the desired effect of waving a red cape in front of the face of the Gallic [French] Bull." France Prussia Ems Telegram

28. Franco-Prussian War •  French are defeated at the Battle of Sedan • Napoleon III taken prisoner • (+ 82,000 other Frenchmen)

29. King Wilhelm I became Kaiser of the newly unified German Empire • He was crowned at Versailles

30. "I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.”

31. Video on Otto • Iron Chancellor • Foreign policy genius (Blood and Iron) • Unification • Prussia takes the lead • Austria is not a part • Wars with Austria, Denmark, France (captured Napoleon III) • Federation of the Rhine • Ems Telegraph • Kaiser Wilhelm II • $$$ from Reichstag • Kulturkampf • Universal male vote • NATIONALISM • 2nd Reich

32. Unification of Italy • Many small Italian states want to form one nation – Italy! • Led by Camillo Cavour and Guiseppe Garibaldi

33. Who helped unite Italy? The Sword The brain The Soul King Emmanuel II of Sardinia

34. Types of Nationalism If you don’t have your own nation yet: -19th Century Italy and Germany Separate states join together to form a new nation Separate cultures within one nation split up to form several new, smaller nations -Greeks in the Ottoman Empire -French Canadians A colony tries to get rid of a foreign power for freedom -The U.S. (melting pot)

35. Russian Empire • Finns • Jews • Romanians • Georgians • Armenians • Turks • Ukrainians • Poles • Lithuanians • Latvians • Estonians

36. Weak Empires give Nationalists an opening for…

37. Revolutions!

38. Nationalism USA! USA! USA! If you already have your own nation: Pride and loyalty for your nation (patriotism)

40. What holds a “Nation” together? Common language

41. What holds a “Nation” together? Shared suffering or historical past Common language

42. What holds a “Nation” together? Common religion Common language Shared suffering or historical past

43. What holds a “Nation” together? Shared vision of the future Common language Shared suffering or historical past Common Religion

44. What holds a “Nation” together? Common ethnicity Shared vision of the future Common language Shared suffering or historical past Common Religion

45. What holds a “Nation” together? Geography Shared vision of the future Common Ethnicity Common language Shared suffering or historical past Common Religion

46. I don’t want to end up like King Louis XVI! Reaction against the French Revolution • Czars tried to keep democratic ideas out of Russia

47. Russification What did Russia do?

48. Did it work? No!

49. 19th Century Serfdom • Feudalism still existed in Russia in the 1800s

50. Gotta give my people something or they’ll revolt Emancipation of the Serfs • The czar freed the serfs Conditions in Russia at the end of the 1800s • A huge peasant class emerged