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Review and discussion

Review and discussion. “ Changing Contexts in Urban Regeneration ” by Paul Stouten - chapters 2.5 -> 3. Definition “ urban regeneration ”’. First, urban renewal. First appearance in 1960 ’ s 14 years of debate Definition in 1984

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Review and discussion

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  1. Review and discussion “Changing Contexts in Urban Regeneration” by Paul Stouten - chapters2.5 -> 3

  2. Definition “urban regeneration”’ First, urban renewal • First appearance in 1960’s • 14 years of debate • Definition in 1984 “Urban and village renewal is a systematic effort in the field of town planning but also in the social, economic, cultural and environmental health fields, aimed at the preservation, restoration, improvement, rearrangement or redevelopment of built-up areas within local authority boundaries.” >1985 Urban and Village Renewal act. • Added later: environment

  3. Definition “urban regeneration”’ ‘Urban renewal’ + restructuring • Restructuring: "A quality impulse, aiming to use the strengthening of area structures to increase the social and economic vitality of those areas and so of the city as a whole” & "Measures which aim to bring about a more differentiatedhousing stock in areas where problematic quality of life has resulted in part from a stock composed of monotonous, mainly cheap, housing” >Ministery of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment, 1997

  4. Definition “urban regeneration”’ Roberts & Sykes (2004, via studio introduction) A comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lastingimprovement in the economic, physical, social and environmental condition of an area that has been subject to change.

  5. Discussion point Think about it, discussion at the end Government has also had a hard time naming problem areas. Whether it is negative “problem neighbourhoods” or positive “prize areas”, it affects the inhabitants attitude. How should the determination of ‘challenged areas’ work?

  6. Influence of housing stock on urban generation • Rex and Moore (1967) argue that groups in society are mainly split by the way the housing stock is organized. • This means that the characteristics of the housing stock influence the social vitality, which is one of the priorities of urban regeneration, according to the earlier definition.

  7. Developments Dutch social housing policy Before 1940 After WOI; Social housing was mainly for the middle groups of the working class • Housing shortage >Temporary and incidental initiatives municipality >lack of boldness > forced up prices building land. • Housing quality > 1937 end of the Alcoves in Rotterdam

  8. Developments Dutch social housing policy 1945-1963 Investment in housing second priority of the government Maximum 1/3 of the production at the time private building • Reconstruction Act (1950) > Intended lifespan of 30 months but remained until 1970 • Housing Act (1947) > In 1993 replaced by the Accommodation Act; no influence of local authorities • Rent Act (1950) > In 1979 replaced in Rent Act & Rent Tribunal Act; continuous amended. • A very limited result of Liberalisation > A very complex structure with to many connections

  9. Developments Dutch social housing policy 1963-1973 • Industrialisation of building production • Control planning from the municipalities • Increase in the proportion of social rented housing > Minister of Housing and Buildings Industry (1963-1966) • 1965 also subsidies for private- & owner-occupied housing • Housing associations get more private initiators role > Most important producers since 1960s > Not required to repay the state > Produce of unsubsidised housing

  10. Developments Dutch social housing policy 1973-1990 • Reducing the speed of liberalisation • Housing as ‘Merit goods’ • 1981 greatest post-war recession until 2008

  11. Developments Dutch social housing policy 1990s • Decentralisation • Deregulation • Privatisation > Denationalisation of provisions > Selling off socialhousing; resulted in: -fall in production of new houses -fall in share of private andsocialrentedhousing -50% reduction of budget on socialhousing • Rise of rent subsidies • Consolidation of strategic planning

  12. Developments Dutch social housing policy Sustainability and housing provision • Twoquestions on privatisation > towhatdegree do housing market processes affect the relationbetween different types of households? > what is the importance of socialdivisionsbetweenownersand non-owners • Factors important withbuying or renting 1) changes in housing market sectors 2) accumulation of capital 3) career on the housing market andlabour market 4) pricedevelopment in the rentedandpurchase sectors

  13. Developments Dutch social housing policy Three approaches in changes of status in urban renewal areas • Institutional approach > Housing classes > Urban manageralism > Consumption sectors andcleavages • Individual approach • Structural approach

  14. Developments Dutch social housing policy Institutional approach • Housing classes > Rex & Moore: use of housing stock creates conflicts between classes (owner-occupierand tenant) > Rex & Moore: housingcharacteristicsdetermine the spatialdivisionbetween classes > Objections: 1) labourandhousing market notseen as most important allocationmechanisms 2) are localauthorityand private landlords a separated class? 3) Pahl: conflicts within classes more likelythanbetween classes 4) Haddon: accessabilitytopreferedhousing more important thancurrenthousingsituation

  15. Developments Dutch social housing policy Institutional approach • Urban Managerialism >Betterunderstanding of howhousing is distributedand the effect of housingallocation > Dunleavy: 2 trends: 1) concernedwith research intotasksperformedbyindividualswithinorganisations 2) investigated the roleplayedbyinstitutions as mediatersbetweenpopulationgroupsand the fundamentalbalance of power as a component of the market economy

  16. Developments Dutch social housing policy Institutional approach • Consumption sectors andcleavages > accumulation of capitalbased on house ownership is more important thanaccessability > Dunleavy: society devided in sectors, common interest between classes and conflict within classes

  17. Developments Dutch social housing policy Individual approach • Household as central unit > Housing preferences and choises come from household composition and ‘stage in life’ > Clapham & Kintrea: households have preferences and resources housing preferences sector preferences > Clarck & Everaers: age of the head of te family and composition of household are important for housing preferences > Clapham & Kintrea: relationship between housing preferences and resources: orientation

  18. Developments Dutch social housing policy Structural approach • Structure of housing provision > Accepts that tenures differ geogrphically and historically > Ball & Harloe: “Housing provision means to make housing available for consumption in the same way as building up a stock of food in the larder.” > But housing production is highly influenced by financial situation and economic trends >Harloe: 3 structures 1) Residual: small social sector, only for lowest income 2) Mass: large social sector, more government intervention, more for lower middle class 3) Workers cooperative: by workers’ interest groups and middle class households

  19. Developments Dutch social housing policy Sustainable urban area development • Necessary but ‘slippery’ > long-term risk for better environment or houses and jobs now • High density, mixed functions, public transport > Different opinion on density (and other aspects?) between planners and residents

  20. Strategic planningConsolidated in 1990’s • Broader view on effects of interventions • More policy levels taken into consideration • Attention for problems which were first neglected: • Politics • Economics • Link between program and planning • Caused the increase of commercial activity in urban planning but the social housing remained very prominent

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