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Fungi

Fungi. By……...Sara Lee, Sruthi Merneedi, Nikitha Duggirala…………. Target 1. Fungi are heterotrophs ; they cannot make their own food.

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Fungi

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  1. Fungi By……...Sara Lee, Sruthi Merneedi, Nikitha Duggirala…………..

  2. Target 1 • Fungi are heterotrophs; they cannot make their own food. • Fungi absorb nutrients from the environment outside of its body by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes into the environment to break down complex molecules so that they can be absorbed • Most fungi are structured with multicellular filaments and/or single cells (such as yeast) • Most fungi reproduce by producing large numbers of spores, either asexually or sexually Kingdom Fungi

  3. Key: Compare and Contrast Fungi Plant • Fungi are heterotrophs • Fungi cell walls are made of chitin • Fungi can be coenocytic • Plants are autotrophs • Plants are made of cellulose • Plants cannot be coenocytic *eukaryotic *originated from protists *alternationof generations

  4. Target 2 Alternation of Generations bcs.whfreeman.com

  5. Hyphae are haploid. • When two hyphae fuse in plasmogamy, the resultimg mycelium is said to be heterokaryon, meaning there are two coexisting nuclei present. • In Karygomy, the two coexisting nuclei form to create a diploid zygote. • After meiosis, the haploid conditions are restored with the formation of haploid spores.

  6. Target 3 Importance of Fungi ecologically, economically, and medicinally

  7. Ecologically • Fungi As Decomposers • Fungi Keep ecosystem stocked with inorganic material for plant growth • Without fungi carbon nitrogen and other elements would be tied up in organic matter • metabolize dead organisms and other waste products, making their molecules available to other creatures. • Mutualism • Endophytes-live inside leaves or plants which create toxins that deter herbivores or by increasing host plan tolerance of heat drought, or heavy metals. • Symbiosis-Some fungi share digestive services with animals which help break down plant material in the stomach. • Lichens-is a mass of hyphae that hold individual photosynthetic cells

  8. Economically • Pathogens • Chestnut blight, pine pinch canker, rye disease • Fungal infections is called mycosis • Ringworm disease • Yeast infections • Molds • Food • Creation of cheeses, colas, yeast, alcohol, bread, mushrooms, truffles

  9. Medicinally • Fungi used to stop internal bleeding after childbirth • Antibiotics • Penicillium • Cyclosporine- suppress immune system after organ transplants

  10. Target 4 Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota

  11. Zygomycota • 1000 species • Fast-growing molds on food • Hyphae of zygomycetes spreads and absorbs nutrients out over the food surface • In asexual phase, bulbous black sporangium develop at tips of the upright hyphae and are dispersed through the air • When environmental conditions deteriorate, zygomycetes may reproduce sexually • * Plasmogamy produces a zygosporangium, in which karyogamy and subsequently meiosis can occur

  12. Life Cycle of the Zygomycete Figure 31.13 Campbell

  13. Ascomycota • A.k.a. Sac Fungi • Ascomycotes produce sexual spores called ascospores in sac like structure called an ascus (asci plural) +When ascomycotes reproduce sexually, dikaryotic cells are formed, and cells at the tip of dikaryotichyphae develop into many asci. +Within each ascus, karygomy combines the two parental genomes and through meiosis, four different nuclei are formed. Mitosis following this results in eight ascospores. * an extended dikaryotic stage provide increased opportunities for genetic recombination • When Ascomycotes reproduce asexually, they produce an enormous amount of asexual spores called conidiospores in clusters at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidia. • Ascomycotes can be multicellular (ex. Morels and truffles) or unicellular (ex. Yeast)

  14. Life Cycle of an Ascomycete Figure 31.17 Campbell

  15. Basidiomycota • A.k.a Club Fungi • Important decomposers of wood and other plant material. • During sexual reproduction of a basidiomycete, two mycelium combine through plasmogamy to form a dikaryotic mycelium. In response to environmental stimuli, the basidiocarp forms (mushroom) The gills of the basidiocarp houses basidia, dikaryotic cells, which form basidiospores through meiosis.

  16. Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete Figure 31.19 Campbell

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