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A Brief History of Computers

A Brief History of Computers. Pre-Mechanical Computing: From Counting on fingers to pebbles to hash marks on walls to hash marks on bone to hash marks in sand. Mechanical computers. From The Abacus c. 4000 BCE to Charles Babbage and his Difference Engine (1812).

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A Brief History of Computers

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  1. A Brief History of Computers

  2. Pre-Mechanical Computing:From Counting on fingersto pebblesto hash marks on wallsto hash marks on boneto hash marks in sand UEM, Kolkata

  3. Mechanical computers From The Abacus c. 4000 BCE to Charles Babbage and his Difference Engine (1812) UEM, Kolkata

  4. Mechanical computers:The Abacus (c. 3000 BCE) UEM, Kolkata

  5. Napier’s Bones andLogarithms (1617) UEM, Kolkata Picture courtesy IBM

  6. Oughtred’s (1621) and Schickard‘s (1623]slide rule UEM, Kolkata

  7. Blaise Pascal’sPascaline (1645) UEM, Kolkata

  8. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz’sStepped Reckoner (1674) UEM, Kolkata

  9. Joseph-Marie Jacquard and his punched card controlled looms (1804) UEM, Kolkata

  10. Preparing the cards with the pattern for the cloth to be woven UEM, Kolkata

  11. Charles Babbage (1791-1871)The Father of Computers UEM, Kolkata

  12. Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine UEM, Kolkata

  13. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine UEM, Kolkata

  14. Lady Augusta AdaCountess of Lovelace Read Lady Augusta Ada’s translation of Menabrea’s Sketch of the Analytical Engine UEM, Kolkata

  15. Electro-mechanical computers From Herman Hollerith’s 1890 Census Counting Machine to Howard Aiken and the Harvard Mark I (1944) UEM, Kolkata

  16. Herman Hollerith and hisCensus Tabulating Machine (1884) UEM, Kolkata

  17. A closer look at the Census Tabulating Machine UEM, Kolkata

  18. The Harvard Mark I (1944)aka IBM’s Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) Howard Aiken UEM, Kolkata

  19. The first computer bug Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Murray Hopper UEM, Kolkata

  20. Electronic digital computers From John Vincent Atanasoff’s 1939 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) to the present day UEM, Kolkata

  21. Alan Turing1912-1954 The Turing Machine Aka The Universal Machine 1936 UEM, Kolkata

  22. John Vincent Atanasoff (1903-1995) Physics Prof At Iowa State University, Ames, IA UEM, Kolkata

  23. Clifford Berry (1918-1963) PhD student of Dr. Atanasoff’s UEM, Kolkata

  24. 1939The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) The ABC was the first electronic digital computer, invented by John Vincent Atanasoff UEM, Kolkata

  25. 1943 Bletchley Park’s Colossus The Enigma Machine UEM, Kolkata

  26. 1946The ENIAC John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John Mauchly (1907-1980) of the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Engineering UEM, Kolkata

  27. The ENIAC:Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer UEM, Kolkata

  28. Programming the ENIAC UEM, Kolkata

  29. ENIAC’s Wiring! John Von Neumann John Von Neumann came up with the bright idea of using part of the computer’s internal memory (called Primary Memory) to “store” the program inside the computer and have the computer go get the instructions from its own memory, just as we do with our human brain. UEM, Kolkata

  30. 1951Univac Typical 1968 prices—EX-cluding maintenance & support! UEM, Kolkata

  31. “What hath God wrought!”(first telegraph message sent by Samuel Morse, 1844)Electronic and computing technology quickly progressed—at an ever-accelerating pace—from vacuum tubes (Lee de Forrest, the audion, 1907)to transistors (William Shockley et al. 1947)to semiconductors (Jack Kilby& Robert Noyce, 1958)to microprocessors (M.E. “Ted” Hoff, 1971)to networking and the Internet (Vinton Cerf & Robert Kahn, 1982]to the World Wide Web (Tim Berners-Lee, 1991)and beyond…Whatever next?… UEM, Kolkata

  32. Acknowledgements (continued on next slide) For one of the best written books on the history of computers, check out Engines of the Mind : The Evolution of the Computer from Mainframes to Microprocessors -- by Joel N. Shurkin (Paperback) A movingly beautiful book on Alan Turing is Alan Turing: the Enigma, by Andrew Hodges An excellent, readable book on Cryptography is Simon Singh’s THE CODE BOOK. The Secret History of Codes and Code-Breaking Tutorials on the encryption software PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) can be found at http://www.pitt.edu/~poole/PGPintro.htm All pictures and some of the information were obtained from various sites on the World Wide Web. Complete list follows: Abacus: http://qi-journal.com/action.lasso?-Token.SearchID=Abacus&-Response=culture.asp Napier: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Napier.html http://www.maxmon.com/1600ad.htm Slide Rules: http://www.hpmuseum.org/sliderul.htm Pascal’s Pascaline: http://www.thocp.net/hardware/pascaline.htm Leibnitz Stepped Reckoner: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_Reckoner Jacquard looms: http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/jacquard1.html http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/meister/e_web.htm UEM, Kolkata

  33. Acknowledgements (continued) Charles Babbage: http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Babbage.html http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/index.asp Lady Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace: http://www.well.com/user/adatoole/bio.htm http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html Electricity: http://www.mediaeng.com/historyelect.html (beautifully written pocket history of electricity & magnetism) Herman Hollerith: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hollerith.html Howard Aiken & The Harvard Mark I: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Aiken.html Alan Turing: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Turing.html John Vincent Atanasoff: http://www.cs.iastate.edu/jva/books/mollenhoff/overview.shtml Biographies of Atanasoff and Clifford Berry: http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Biographies.html J. Presper Eckert: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Eckert_John.html John Mauchly: http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Mauchly.html The patent controversy: http://www.library.upenn.edu/special/gallery/mauchly/jwm7.html ARPANet: http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/docs/arpa.html Thanks to the following EDTECH listserv colleagues and friends who have reviewed the presentation and provided amendments and additional material for inclusion on the slides and in the notes. Nancy Head, online instructor, Michigan Virtual High School (MVHS), U.S.A., on the web at www.mivhs.org Mandi Axmann, Instructional Designer, Open Universities Australia UEM, Kolkata

  34. Thank You…  UEM, Kolkata

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