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History of Computers

History of Computers. Compiled by Doris Shih. Development. Start of the computer: 1942: John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry at Iowa State College 1944: Mark I (The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator at Harvard University

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History of Computers

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  1. History of Computers Compiled by Doris Shih

  2. Development • Start of the computer: • 1942: John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry at Iowa State College • 1944: Mark I (The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator at Harvard University • Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) at University of Pennsylvania

  3. The Modern Computer Era (1) • 1st generation: Tubes • 1951: commercial computer system, UNIVAC I/ IBM 650 • Vacuum tubes, large, expensive, easy to break down from their own heat

  4. The Modern Computer Era (2) • 2nd generation: Transistors • mid 1950s: UNIVAC 1102/ IBM 1620 & 7090 • Transistors, cheaper, faster, more reliable, able to incorporate into complex electrical circuits

  5. The Modern Computer Era (3) • 3rd generation: Integrated Circuits • 1960s: Integrated Circuits (ICs) • Many single-function electronic components of a computer to be combined into one device • More complex, faster, cost not increased

  6. The Modern Computer Era (4) • 4th generation: Microelectronics • 1970s: microprocessor • Combined functions of many ICs on a single chip

  7. The Microcomputer • mid 1970s • Using microprocessors to build personal computers (PCs) • Microcomputer vs. mainframe computer • Individual needs vs. large systems serving science & industry • Steven Jobs: Apple computer

  8. CBE efforts • PLATO • University of Illinois • TICCIT • MITRE Corporation & University of Texas • WICAT = World Institute for Computer-Assisted Teaching • MECC = Minnesota Educational Computing Corporation • CONDUIT = combined of Univ. Oregon, NC, Iowa, Texas, Dartmouth College

  9. References •  Merrill, P. F., et al. Computers in Education. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1996. • Lockard, J., Abrams, P. D., & Many, W. A. (1994). Microcomputers for twenty-first century educators, 3rd ed. New York: HarperCollins.

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