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A Short History of Computers

A Short History of Computers. Geoffrey M. Rockwell x 24072 Togo Salmon 309A grockwel@mcmaster.ca URL: http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~hccrs/ihchome.htm. McMaster University. Administration. Homework 3 is up. Complete by next Wednesday. Review - Types of Storage. Storage. Permanent.

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A Short History of Computers

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  1. A Short History of Computers Geoffrey M. Rockwell x 24072 Togo Salmon 309A grockwel@mcmaster.ca URL: http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~hccrs/ihchome.htm McMaster University

  2. Administration • Homework 3 is up. Complete by next Wednesday.

  3. Review - Types of Storage Storage Permanent Temporary RAM Removable Fixed Hard Drive ROM Magneto-Optical Floppy Storage typically measured in K (Kilobytes), MB (Megabytes) or GB (Gigabytes) CD-ROM

  4. Kbps = Kilobits per second Storage (bits and bytes) • Computer is digital. • Information has to be digitized. (binary digits) • Bits and Bytes • Bit - 0 or 1/On or Off/ • Byte - Eight Bits 00110011 • K (Kilobyte) 1024 bytes • MB (Megabyte) about 1000 K • GB (Gigabyte) about 1000 MB Number Binary 0 0 1 1 2 10 3 11 4 100 5 101 Letter ASCII A 01000001 B 01000010

  5. off.on.off.off.off.off.off.on Review - From letters to bytes (8 Bits) 1 Byte 01000001 “A” Laser Floppy Disk CD-ROM

  6. Brief History of Computing • Prehistory - Babbage and Lovelace • The first computer? - ENIAC • The first home computer? - Altair • Accessible computing - Apple • Micros go business - IBM PC

  7. Babbage and Lovelace • Charles Babbage (1791-1871) • Difference Engine 1833 • 1835 Analytical Engine • Programmable (Cards) • Mechanical • Ada Lovelace “It weaves algebraic patterns just as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves” (Ada Lovelace) Gibson - “The Difference Engine”

  8. ENIAC • Mauchly and Eckert - 1943 proposal to Army • ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) working in 1945 (after the war) • von Neumann - EDVAC • Transistor invented in 1947 • ICs - Integrated Circuits • Microprocessor (Intel 4004) 1971 Printer

  9. ENIAC Pictures Programming with switches Engineers The initiating and cycling units of ENIAC

  10. Altair - the Microcomputer • MITS - Altair • Uses the Intel 8080 • Cover of Popular Electronics • Jan. 1975 • MITS hires Allen (and Gates)

  11. Apple • Steve Wozniak (the Woz) • Steven Jobs • Homebrew Computer Club • Apple I - MOS 6502 chip • 1976 Mike Markkula bought in • Apple Founded • 1977 the Apple II • 1984 the Macintosh

  12. IBM PC • Built on the Intel 8088 • Operating System from Microsoft (and others) • Put together with existing components • Open to cards and software • Released in 1981 An IBM Clone

  13. Key Innovations • Calculating device • General Purpose Device - Programmability • Digital Device • Electrical Device • Integrated Circuits - Transistors • Interface from Commands to GUI • Multiuser/Shared Computer to Personal Computer

  14. History of the Net • Sputnik and The Space Race • ARPA and the ARPANET • E-Mail and the subversion of the Net • Who has access, really?

  15. Birth of the Internet • Sputnik - 1957 • Advanced Research Project Agency - 1958 • RFP for Interface Message Processors (IMPs) - 1968 • UCLA and SRI connected in 1969 IMP

  16. Evolution of the Internet • Ethernet - Bob Metcalfe - 1973 • ARPANET splits off MILNET - 1983 113 nodes, 45 go to ARPANET • TCP/IP - 1978, ARPANET switches in 1983 • ARPANET replaced by NSF backbone - 1985

  17. History of E-mail and Web • MAILBOX on MIT time-sharing system, early 1960s • Ray Tomlinson - MAIL - @ symbol - 1972 • 3/4 of ARPANET traffic is e-mail in 1973 • 1990 - World Wide Web • Tim Berners-Lee, CERN • 1995 - Netscape. Netscape Corp is traded on the stock market.

  18. Internet Census 1997 1991

  19. Current State of the Net Who has access? Who doesn’t?

  20. End

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