LABORATORY COURSE

1. 0 LABORATORY COURSE PHYSICS 211

2. 0 OBJECTIVES • To test the validity of the fundamental ideas (presented in PHY211) via quantitative or qualitative experiments • To master the error analysis and statistical processing of experimental data • To learn how to present scientific results in a consistent, reasonable and clear manner

3. 0 INSTRUCTOR J. D. Roaden j.d.roaden@uky.edu Office:CP 252

4. A Little About You • Take out a sheet of paper and include the following: • Name: • Preferred Name: • ID Number: • Email: • Year: • Major: • Where Are You From: • Calculator Type: • Lab Partners:

5. Required Materials • RF Transmitter • Lab Manual • Graphing Calculator • TI – 84 series • TI – 83 series • TI – 84 Plus Silver is recommended

6. 0 DOCUMENTATION • Syllabus www.pa.uky.edu/~ellis • Appendix A - CBR • Appendix B - CBR Accuracy • Appendix C - Error Analysis • Appendix D - Measuring Tools • Appendix E - DataMate • Appendix F - Methodology for Calculating Local g • Appendix G - Standard Cover Sheet • Appendix H - Datagate • Appendix I - Quick Start For Vernier Photogate • Schedule of experiments • Research team roles • Lab report format • Grading policy • Description of experiment • Questions to be answered in lab report • Prelab question (if any) • Lab Manual www.johnnyprint.com • Appendices www.pa.uky.edu/~ellis

7. Computers • Username: phy211 • Password: 4izrm165 • Programs: • MS Office Suite • Fundamental Science Skills • Google Earth • TI Connect

8. Who’s on First? • Research Team Roles: i.Principle Investigator (1) Responsible for everything the Team does or fails to do. (2) Coordinates Team activities in Lab and during the out of lab report completion process. (3) Ensures that all team members contribute fairly. (4) The PI develops and writes the “Results and Conclusions” paragraph of the lab report (5) Responsible for the integration of the report in both style and content.

9. Who’s Second? ii. Researcher • (1) Focuses on the in-class execution of the experiment. • (2) Team’s expert on the systems used and methods of data collection and recording. • (3) Develops and writes the “ Introduction” and “Data and Calculations” paragraphs and the raw data appendix.

10. Who’s on Third? • iii. Skeptic • (1) Analyzes uncertainties associated with measurements and procedures • (2) Propagates uncertainties through the experiment and correlates the relative contribution of each to the uncertainty in the results. • (3) Develops the “Analysis and Discussion” paragraph and ensures consistency of thought and flow of the key ideas into the “Results and Conclusions” paragraph

11. 0 GRADING POLICY 1. Introduction10 Quiz & Prelab Section Score Roles PI Pers Researcher 10 10 10 10 40 40 60 2. Data and Calculation 20 Skeptic 3. Analysis and Discussion30 Principle Investigator 4. Results and Conclusions 40 Lab report, Overall100

12. 0 GRADING POLICY • Team report earned 10+19+30+35=94 • PI’s paragraph scored in 35 • PI’s quiz and prelab scored in 5 • PI points 8 out of 10 • Calculate percentage [(35+5+8)/60]*100=80 • Then PI’s total score (94+80)/2 = 87

13. Error Analysis • Uncertainties • Propagation of Uncertainties • Standard Deviation • Percent Error and Percent Difference

14. Uncertainty • How certain you are about a given measurement • Cannot be smaller than half the smallest division of the measuring device • All results must be in the form x ± Dx, where Dx is the uncertainty

15. Propagation of Uncertainties • Rules can be found in Appendix C. • Rule 1: When adding or subtracting two experimental values, the uncertainty of this sum or difference is the sum of the uncertainties of the two experimental values.

16. Propagation of Uncertainties (cont.) Calculate T = tf – ti ti = 1.23 s ± 0.005 s tf = 2.34 s ± 0.008 s. • T = 2.34 s – 1.23 s = 1.11 s • DT = 0.008 s + 0.005 s = 0.013 s • Therefore, T = 1.11 s ± 0.013 s

17. Propagation of Uncertainties (cont.) • Rule 2: When multiplying or dividing two experimental values, the relative uncertainty of the product or quotient is equal to the sum of the relative uncertainties of the experimental values being multiplied and/or divided. • Relative Uncertainty is defined below

18. Calculate F, where F=ma. m = 0.531 kg ± 0.0005 kg a = 9.79 m/s2 ± 0.005 m/s2 Propagation of Uncertainties (cont.)

19. Propagation of Uncertainties (cont.)

20. Propagation of Uncertainties (cont.) F = ma = (0.531 kg) x (9.79 m/s2) = 5.1985 N Unc. of F = (Rel. Unc. of F) x F DF = (DF/F) x F = (0.0014523) x (5.1985 N) = 0.0076 N Therefore, F = 5.199 N ± 0.008 N

21. Standard Deviation • For experiments with many measurements of the same quantity we can obtain the error using the statistical method known as standard deviation. • In this lab there must be at least 10 data points in order to use a standard deviation.

22. 0 Percent Error and Percent Difference Percent Difference is to be used to compare two experimental values Percent Error is to be used to compare an experimental value with a known value.

23. Lab Reports • Introduction • Data and Calculations • Analysis and Discussion • Results and Conclusions • Draft

24. Introduction • What did your group do? • Specifically who did what • Do not just repeat what is in manual • Include a table of equipment used with UK Inventory numbers. • Include details of post lab meetings • References including lab manual and textbook if they were used

25. Data and Calculations • Data is to be word processed and flow well within the report • Sample of each type of calculation should be included using Equation Editor • All calculated results are included

26. Discussion and Analysis • Graphs (If applicable) • Calculations of Error Propagation • With explanation of why particular method was used • %e and %d with sample calculation (if applicable) • All errors must be discussed and labeled as systematic or random and ranked from most relevant to the experiment to the least relevant

27. Graphs • Include title and properly labeled axes • Should be a stand alone item. • Plot data with xy scatter • Include error bars • If a trend line (best fit line) is used, include slope equation and correlation value (R2)

29. Results and Conclusions • Include objectives of the experiment • Answers to the Questions • Present results in the proper form (x ± Dx) • Compare results to accepted value or other experimental values on a number line • Draw conclusions from the number line • Comment on whether results are significantly different, accuracy, precision, how and which errors present effected your results. • Were the objectives accomplished?

30. Draft • Turned in 24 hours before the lab meeting following the experiment • Worth 20 points • Must be word processed • Include: • All tables, graphs, number lines, and figures • All calculations • Discussion of error • Basic outline for final lab report.

31. Draft (cont.) • Must have signed raw data attached • Must be attached as appendix to final lab report • Must be a nearly complete report. • Is a guide, all mistakes cannot be caught

32. Acceleration Due To Gravity 9.6 m/s2 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 Geographical Value 9.79 m/s2± 0.02 m/s2 Expt. Value using 13mm ball 9.85 m/s2 ± 0.05 m/s2 Expt. Value using 16mm ball 9.68 m/s2 ± 0.05 m/s2 0 Number Line

33. 0 Safety • No food or drinks are permitted in lab. • Clothing and Backpacks should be stored under the benches. • Emergency 911 cell phone and First Aid Kit • Gas Shut off valve • Eye wash and shower unit

34. 0 Assignment for next class • Split into groups • Read the description of “Free fall” experiment (Lab manual) • Complete Pre lab for “Free fall” • Read Appendix C, Error Analysis • Register your clicker online.

35. 0 Instructor J. D. Roaden j.d.roaden@uky.edu Office:CP 252 Office Hours: Tuesday, Thursday, & Friday at 10 AM. (Potentially) By appointment