Learning Process and Influences on Learning

1. Learning Process and Influences on Learning Chapters 2 and 3 Instructors and Their Jobs W.R. Miller and M.F. Miller

2. Learning Process • Need understanding of basic theory • Elements of successful learning • Intelligence • Attention • Interest • Vary instructional strategies

3. Principles of Learning • Learning through experience • Direct and deliberate associations • Psychomotor learning • Develop gradually and practice for refinement • Cognitive learning • New learning can only result from thinking • Role of memory • Associations transfer from short- to long-term

4. Learning Process • By trial and error • Inefficient • By observation • Limited to behaviors • By doing • Participation in psychomotor and cognitive learning • Answer questions silently • Critique ideas • Disagree and try to defend ideas • See specific applications of principles

5. Transfer of Learning • Transfer knowledge to new setting • Facilitate by: • Thinking of alternatives • Questioning • Applying knowledge

6. Repetition or Practice • More complex – more repetition • Frequent, short periods • Review sessions • Frequent quizzes and drills

7. Feedback and Reinforcement • Immediate feedback • Reinforcement provides motivation

8. Students as Individuals • Mental ability • Personal interests • Emotional stability and maturity • Experience • Knowledge • Physical coordination • Learning speed

9. Diversity • Ethnic and racial backgrounds • Gender • Educationally disadvantaged • GPA < 2.0, • fail minimum competency exam, or • test scores in lower 25th percentile • Economically disadvantaged • Disabilities

10. Key Learning Terms • Aptitude • Potential to achieve in area • Ability • Actual level of performance • Achievement • Attainment of goals based on standards • Intelligence • Ability to learn

11. Instructor’s Influence • Attitude • Relationship and behavior • Identification with learner • Instructor behavior • Motivation • Reward and punishment • Reprimand