Correct Use of Verbs

1. Correct Use of Verbs Section 10.1-10.30

2. Principal Parts • Verbs have four principal parts: • The present • The present participle • The past • The past participle • ALL other forms of any verb can be derived from these principal parts • All verbs can be classified as regular or irregular verbs, depending on the way the past and past participle are formed • Regular verbs form the past and past participle by adding: -ed, -d, or –t to the present • Irregular verbs form the past and past participle in irregular ways • Both regular and irregular verbs form the present participle by adding –ing to the present

3. Principal Parts • Don’t confuse the past tense with the past participle • Never use helping verbs with the past tense • Always use helping verbs with the past participle • For example: to draw • Present: draw • Past: drew • Present participle: drawing • Past participle: drawn • Jason drawn the best sketch. (incorrect) • Jason drew the best sketch. (correct) • Jason has drew the best sketch (incorrect) • Jason has drawn the best sketch. (correct)

4. Sit and set • Sit: to be seated • Sit, sitting, sat, (have) sat • Usually intransitive • I always sit in the bleachers at football games. • The visiting teams are sitting with their coaches. • We sat there until the game was over. • The Dawsons have sat in the same section for every game. • Set: to put or place something • Set, setting, set, (have) set • Usually transitive • Emily sets the plates on the table. • They were setting the jars on the shelf. • He set the gas cap on the car. • Her plants have been set outside the door.

5. Rise and Raise • Rise: to go up; to get up • Rise, rising, rose, (have) risen • Intransitive • Rise and say the Pledge to the flag. • The water in the river is rising rapidly. • The weather balloon rose to a height of 90,000 feet. • The sun has risen, and we must depart. • Raise: to lift something; to push something up • Raise, raising, raised, (have) raised • Transitive • Raise the flag when the trumpet sounds. • They are raising the drawbridge for the sailboat. • She raised her voice when the jet flew overhead. • Potatoes have been raised by Maine farmers for generations.

6. Lie and lay • Lie: to recline • Lie, lying, lay, (have) lain • Intransitive • She lies down for twenty minutes at noon. • Our dog is lying in the shade. • He lay in the shade all afternoon. • The ship has lain at anchor for two weeks. • Lay: to put or place something • Lay, laying, laid, (have) laid • Transitive • Lay down your rifle before checking the targets. • They were laying the carpet last night. • Pastor Vaughn laid an open Bible before the man. • Our sins were laid on Jesus Christ.

7. Tense • The tense of a verb indicates the time of the action • There are six tenses in the English language: • Present tense • Past tense • Future tense • Present perfect tense • Past perfect tense • Future perfect tense • Progressive and emphatic are special forms of the main tenses • Progressive form shows continuing action and is used with all six tenses • Emphatic form shows emphasis and is used with only the present and past

8. Tense • The verb be is an important helping verb • It is used in all six tenses in forming the progressive tenses and in forming the passive voice • The helping verb do is used in forming the present emphatic tense and the past emphatic tense • The six tenses indicate the time of the action (or condition) expressed by the verb. • The name of the tenses generally represent the actual time of the action

9. tense • Use the present tense to indicate an action that is occurring now, at the present time • Mr. Keith drives a truck. • Jack is president of his class. • Mr. Baker is traveling to Ohio. • I do like both spinach and broccoli. • Use the past tense to indicate an action that occurred some definite time in the past • He played tennis whenever he could find the time. • Jack was president of his class. • He was still working at midnight. • He did work hard to meet the deadline.

10. tense • Use the future tense to indicate an action that will occur in the future • I shall go with you. • I shall be going with you each week. • Use the present perfect tense to indicate an action that was begun in the past and is completed at the present time • The present perfect indicates that the past action has some connection with the present moment • Adam has completed his science project. • Mr. Clive has bee teaching math for ten years.

11. tense • Use the past perfect tense to indicate an action that was completed before some other past action • Mrs. Stone had already bought the gifts before the sale started. • She had been swimming for five hours when her crew sighted a shark. • Use the future perfect tense to indicate an action that will be completed before some other future action • He will have visited all the major cities before he returns. • They will have been travelling for nine hours by the time we awake tomorrow.

12. Tense sequence • In sentences that have subordinating elements (usually anything but simple sentences) be sure that you’re the tenses in your sentence shows a logical time relation to the governing clause • In other words, don’t switch tenses part way through a sentence • Use the “things” you learned in the previous slides to keep a correct sequence of events and tenses