Mood Disorders & Schizophrenia

1. Mood Disorders & Schizophrenia 4/11/11 Famous Celebrities with Mood Disorders: Ben Stiller, Jane Pauley, Sting, Jim Carrey, Drew Carey, Ted Turner, Carrie Fisher, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Isaac Newton, Heath Ledger

2. Agenda • Mood disorders • Learning Objective: Differentiate the symptoms and causes of major depression versus bipolar disorder • Schizophrenia • Learning Objective: Distinguish between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia • Suicide • Learning Objective: Identify the risk factors and warning signs of suicide

3. Main Types of Mood disorders: • Depression • Bipolar Disorder

4. Major depressive episode • State in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities • Symptoms include weight loss, sleep difficulties, fatigue, lack of concentration, and feelings of worthlessness • DSM-IV mood disorders: • Manic episode, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder, hypomanic episode, cyclothymia, postpartum depression, seasonal affective disorder

5. Explanations for Major Depressive Disorder • Life events – stressful events that represent loss are closely tied to depression • Interpersonal model – depressed people seek excessive reassurance which leads them to being disliked and rejected • Behavioral model – depressed people have a lack of positive reinforcement and this leads them to stop engaging in enjoyable behavior • Learned helplessness – tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control • Cognitive model – depression is caused by negative views of self, the future, and the world

6. Bipolar Disorder • Manic episode – experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior • Bipolar disorder – condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode • More than half the time a major depressive episode precedes or follows a manic episode • Very heritable (perhaps around 85%) • Increased activity in amygdala (associated with emotions), decreased activity in prefrontal cortex (associated with planning) • Increased risk of suicide (as with major depression)

7. Bipolar Disorder • Genetically influenced • Heritability as high as 85% • Genes boost risk of bipolar disorder • Increased brain activity in areas related to emotion, and decreased activity in areas associated with planning • Sleep deprivation, stress, and even positive life events trigger manic episodes

8. Schizophrenia • Disturbances in thinking, language, emotion, and relationships, often confused with DID • Primarily a brain disorder • “Splitting of the mind” • One of the most debilitating mental disorders: • Includes cognitive, perceptual, & behavioral abnormalities • Includes both positive & negative symptoms • BUT, just like with operant conditioning, positive does not mean good, and negative does not mean bad

9. Positive Symptoms:Excesses in behavior or thoughts • Delusions: False beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality • Hallucinations: False sensory perceptions, experienced without an actual external source • Loosening of associations: Thoughts are disorganized or meaningless • Disorganized Behavior: Acting in unusual ways, strange movement, strange appearance

10. Negative Symptoms:Deficits in functioning • Isolation • Apathetic • Avoid eye contact • Slowed movements • Slowed speech (sometimes monotone) • Lack of goal-directed behavior

11. Subtypes of Schizophrenia • Paranoid: mainly preoccupied with delusions/hallucinations • Disorganized: Disorganized speech, appearance, & behavior; delusions & hallucinatinos may be present • Catatonic: Mainly involves motor impairments (either immobile, or bizarre & unusual movements) • Undifferentiated: Has combination of symptoms of schizophrenia, but does not fall solely into one of the categories above

12. Major Suicide Risk Factors • Depression • Hopelessness • Substance abuse • Schizophrenia • Homosexuality • Unemployment • Chronic, painful, or disfiguring physical illness • Recent loss of a loved one; being divorced, separated or widowed • Family history of suicide • Personality disorder • Anxiety disorders (panic, social phobia) • Old age (especially men) • Recent discharge from a hospital

13. Suicide warning signs • Changes in activity level • Physical changes (e.g., weight) • Emotional pain • Mood change (e.g., irritable, down, self-critical) • Changes in thought patterns (concentration, decision making) • Thoughts/mention of death • Better mood does not mean they are getting better • Giving things away • Previous attempt

14. Suicide Prevention Hotlines • 1-800-SUICIDE (1-800-784-2433) • 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255) • In more urgent situations, you should call 911

15. For Next Time… • Personality Disorders & Childhood Disorders • Read pgs. 648-655 • Writing Assignment #4 Due Next Monday • Extra Credit Opportunity • The psychology department will host the Annual Michael Dinoff Memorial Lecture Featuring Dr. Dr. Adrian Raine • Friday, April 15th at 6pm in Room 208, Gordon Palmer Hall • 3 EXTRA CREDIT POINTS will be added to the fourth test to those who attend