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KINDS OF EQUALITY

KINDS OF EQUALITY. Babjee Pothuraju Assistant Professor Government College (A) Rajamahendravaram. INTRODUCTION. Liberty and Equality are two most valuable rights of the people.

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KINDS OF EQUALITY

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  1. KINDS OF EQUALITY BabjeePothuraju Assistant Professor Government College (A) Rajamahendravaram

  2. INTRODUCTION • Liberty and Equality are two most valuable rights of the people. • The French Declaration of Rights stated, “Men are born and always continue to be free and equal in respect of their rights.” • The Preamble of the Indian Constitution defines Equality as one of the four basic objectives of the Indian polity, the other three being Justice, Liberty and Fraternity. • Equality does not mean absolute equality; It is the absence of unnatural and unjust inequalities • Two types of inequalities in a society • Natural inequalities • Man-made inequalities

  3. DEFINITIONS • “The Right to Equality proper is a right of equal satisfaction of basic human needs, including the need to develop and use capacities which are specifically human.” -D.D Raphall • “Equality means that no man shall be so placed in society that he can over-reach his neighbour to the extent which constitutes a denial of latter’s citizenship.” -Laski • “Equality means equal rights for all the people and the abolition of all special rights and privileges”. -Barker

  4. NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE EQUALITY • Negatively, equality implies abolition of all special privileges and facilities which may be available to some classes or persons in society. • Positively, equality stands for equal rights, equitable distribution of resources, equal opportunities for development and relative equality with due recognition of merit, abilities and capacities of various persons.

  5. FEATURES • Equality accepts the presence of some natural inequalities • Postulates the grant and guarantee of equal rights and freedoms to all • Equal satisfaction of basic needs of all the persons before the special needs and luxuries of some persons are met • Advocates equitable and fair distribution of wealth and resources i.e. Minimum possible gap between the rich and poor • Accepts the principle of protective discrimination

  6. KINDS OF EQUALITY • Lord Bryce, Barker and H.J. Laski explained the various kinds of equality as: • Natural Equality • Social Equality • Civil Equality • Political Equality • Economic Equality • Legal Equality

  7. NATURAL EQUALITY • The basic form of equality • Premise that all men are born free and equal and are endowed with equal talents • State to treat all as equal humans and to reduce inequality, rather than perpetuate it. • An ideal and not an immediate reality

  8. SOCIAL EQUALITY • All citizens are entitled to enjoy equal status in society • No discrimination on any grounds • A modern theme is to end gender inequality • Difficult idea to attain • Cannot be enforced entirely by law

  9. CIVIL EQUALITY • Stands for enjoyment of similar civil liberties and rights by all the people and social groups • Civil laws treat all the individuals equally • In the eyes of the rule of law, all are equal and equal treatment is given to all • Civil equality as a concept has been accepted in a democratic form of government.

  10. POLITICAL EQUALITY • Equal opportunities for participation in the political process • Equal access to the avenues of political authority • All citizens possess similar political rights • Right to form political parties and contest in election • Universal adult franchise is a means to this end

  11. ECONOMIC EQUALITY • “Political equality is never real unless it is accompanied with virtual economic liberty”- Prof. Laski • Stands for fair and adequate opportunities for all to work and earn livelihood • Primary needs of all should be met before the special needs of few are satisfied • Equitable distribution of wealth and resources in the society • Economic equality can never be materialised in practical politics

  12. LEGAL EQUALITY • Stands for equality before law • equal subjection of all to the same legal code • equal opportunity for all to secure legal protection of their rights and freedom. • There should be rule of law • Laws must be equally binding on all.

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