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Introduction to Radiologic Physics Equipment and Maintenance

Introduction to Radiologic Physics Equipment and Maintenance. Prepared by: Timothy John D. Matoy. Physics.

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Introduction to Radiologic Physics Equipment and Maintenance

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  1. Introduction to Radiologic Physics Equipment and Maintenance Prepared by: Timothy John D. Matoy

  2. Physics • Physics (from Ancient Greek: φύσιςphysis "nature") is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force.

  3. General Physics • Standard Units of Measurement • Unit Conversions • Ratios and Proportions • Significant Figures • Scientific Notations • Algebraic Equations and Expressions • Rules of Exponents

  4. Significant figures • Exact number followed by approximated or estimated number in which you are uncertain. • Uncertain numbers

  5. Significant figures • The number of significant figures in a measurement, such as 2531 is equal to the number of digits that are known with some degree of confidence (2, 5 and 3) plus the last digit (1), which is an estimate or approximation. • As we improve the sensitivity of the equipment used to make measurement, the number if significant figure increases.

  6. Determination of significant figure 1. Exact numbers have infinite S.F.. - seven days in a week – infinite SF - ten apples in a basket – infinite SF 2. All non-zero digits are significant. - 255 m – 3 SF - 289769 – 6 SF 3. Zeroes between non-zero digits are significant. - 101 lb – 3 SF - 2007 kg – 4 SF

  7. Determination of significant figure 4. Zeroes to the right of decimal places but to the left of non-zero digit are significant. - 11.00 cm – 4 SF - 24.0 kg – 3 SF 5. Zeroes to the left of the decimal place and to the right of non-zero digit are significant. - 10.00 cm – 4 SF - 20.0 kg – 3 SF

  8. Determination of significant figure 6. Zeroes to the right of the assumed decimal place are not significant. - 1000 lb – 1 SF - 2400 lb – 2 SF 7. Zeroes to the right of the decimal place but to the left of non-zero digit are not significant. - 0.000000354376 – 6 SF

  9. Addition and subtraction • When combining measurements with different degrees of accuracy and precision, the accuracy of the final answer can be no greater than the least accurate measurement. • Rule of the thumb: • When measurements are added or subtracted, the answer can contain no more decimal places than the least accurate measurement,

  10. Multiplication and division • Rule of the thumb • When measurements are multiplied or divided, the answer can contain no more decimal places than the least accurate measurement,

  11. Scientific notation • There are 10,3000,000,000,000,000,000,000 carbon atoms in a 1-Carat Diamond. Each of which has a 0.000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,020 grams.

  12. Scientific notation • Extremely large and small numbers is extremely hard to calculate without calculators. • To do a calculation like this, it is necessary to express these numbers in scientific notation. • Numbers between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10 raised to some exponent.

  13. Example • 10,3000………. Carbon atoms can be 10.3 x1021 carbon atoms • 0.00……..020 grams can be 2.0 x10-23 grams

  14. Sample problem • When we mixed 500.5 grams of water and 10.0 grams of salt. How many brine solution we produced?

  15. Significant Figures

  16. Significant Figures

  17. Scientific Notations

  18. Scientific Notations

  19. Scientific Notations

  20. Scientific Notations

  21. Fraction • Part of a whole • having an integer as numerator and an integer denominator • The top number divided by the bottom number • A way of expressing a number of equal parts.

  22. Fraction • Improper fraction – An improper fraction has a numerator (top number) larger than or equal to the denominator (bottom number). • Proper fraction – has numerator (top number) less than its denominator (bottom number)

  23. Ratios • Are special application of fractions • Ratios express the mathematical relationship between similar quantities such as feet to the miles or pounds to the kilograms, • Example • What is the ratio of pounds to kilograms? 2.2 lb is to 1 kg or

  24. Ratios and Proportions • A proportion is a name we give to a statement that two ratios are equal. It can be written in two ways: • two equal fractions • using a colon, a:b = c:d

  25. Proportion • Express the relationship of one ratio to another and it is a special application of fractions and rules in algebra.

  26. Directly proportional • A relationship when one ratio increase with respect to another ratio. • F = m x a

  27. Inversely proportional • A relationship when one ratio decrease with respect to another ratio. • Power = work / time

  28. Rule of exponent • am x an = am+n • If the bases of the exponential expressions that are multiplied are the same, then you can combine into one expression by adding exponent. • Example: • 23 x 24 = (2 x 2 x 2) x ( 2 x 2 x 2 x 2) = 27

  29. Rule of exponent • = am-n • If the bases of the exponential expression that are the same, then you can combine them into the expression by subtracting the exponents. • Example: • = x7-3 = x4

  30. Rule of exponent • (am)n = a m x n • When you have an exponential expression raised to a power, you have to multiply the two exponents. • Example • (32)3= 3 2 x 3 = 36

  31. Rule of exponent • a0 = 1 • Any number or variable raised to the zero power is always equals to 1

  32. Rule of exponent • a -m = • If the negative exponent already appears in the denominator of a fraction, then it will move to the numerator as a positive exponent.

  33. Rule of exponent • a1 = a • Any number or variable raised to 1 is equals to that number or variable

  34. Rule of exponent • For addition and subtraction • 1. Convert the exponents to the same value. To do this, Change the exponent of the smaller number to that of the large number. • 2. Add or subtract the coefficient. • 3. Multiply the result by the common exponent.

  35. Rule of exponent • For multiplication and division • 1. Multiply or divide the coefficient • 2. For multiplication, add the exponent. For division subtract the exponent.

  36. Summary • The exponent of 1 • The exponent of 0 • Product rule • Power rule • Quotient rule • Negative exponent

  37. Standard Units of Measurements • Base Quantities • Derived Quantities • Special Quantities

  38. Base Quantities • Mass • Length • Time

  39. Derived Quantities • Energy • Power • Work • Momentum • Force • Velocity • acceleration

  40. Special Quantities in Radiologic Science • Exposure • Dose • Equivalent dose • Activity

  41. System of measurement • Every measurements has two parts • Magnitude (amount, numbers) • Unit • Example: 1000 kg

  42. SI prefixes

  43. Unit Conversions

  44. Unit Conversions

  45. Unit Conversions

  46. Algebraic Equations and Expressions

  47. Algebraic Equations and Expressions • Addition • Subtraction • Multiplication • Division

  48. Branch of Physics • Mechanics • Heat and thermodynamics • Optics • Acoustic • Electricity and magnetism • Nuclear Physics

  49. Mechanics • Segment of physics that deals the motion of the object • VECTOR Quantity • SCALAR Quantity

  50. Mechanics • Velocity • Accelaration • Force • Momentum • Work • Weight • energy

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