Future of Spectrum Sharing

1. Future of Spectrum Sharing The 40th Anniversary Marconi Society Symposium October 2, 2014 Janice Obuchowski President

2. Sharing Is the Future • Huge demand for ready access to broadband spectrum capabilities • Demand will continue to increase – 1000x more traffic - 100x more connected devices than today • Sharing is not only advisable – it is inevitable • Relocation will be increasingly complex and fraught with diminishing returns • Arbitrary numerical goals (e.g., 500 MHz) will lose meaning as spectrum exclusive “ownership” fades in importance • The “Internet of Things” will blur the identity of “incumbents” and emphasize fluid spectrum access • Networks will become more flexible as we move away from operator-centric models • Sharing will be bi-directional, multiplying avenues for spectrum access by more users (including Federal): two-way sharing cited in Presidential Memo, DoD EMS Strategy Economic Growth Doesn’t Just Mean Commercial Wireless Services, It Relies on a Whole Universe of Spectrum-Dependent Equipment & Services

3. Fully Realized Future • The 2025 and beyond sharing paradigm will be based on: • Greater efficiency of spectrum usage; • With denser deployments and use of more (higher and lower) frequencies • Improved antennas & transmission technologies; • Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) components will underpin sharing • Smart database technologies • Dedicated sense-and-avoid networks • Cognitive radios and networks Foundation for Future Sharing World Will Come From Work Today: Many sharing issues still need to be worked out. Current Domestic and International work is key to making that happen.

4. Technology Development • More spectrally-efficient standards – “5G” • Beyond LTE – 5GPP • IEEE – 802.11(ax), 802.22 (TVWS), 802.15 (WPAN), etc. • Dedicated Listening Devices (DLDs) • Database technologies • Cognitive radio systems (CRS) and networks (HetNet, SON) • Antenna systems – MIMO, etc. • Power Reduction; improved batteries; lower network power requirements • Further small cell development (“WiGig” - up to 6 Gbpsconnections enable ubiquitous wireless displays) • Technology is the Achievable Part; the Human Quotient Is Harder • Regulatory issues: enforcement and international harmonization • Social and values issues: While technology moves ahead, • we lag behind in coping with the Internet’s unintended effects

5. Avoiding `Magic Thinking’ • Let’s benchmark today’s reality: • Spectrum policy conversation has been transformed by diverse stakeholders embracing sharing –carriers, Federal users, unlicensed players.  • Desired sharing terms and conditions for sharing vary among these players. While sharing is an optimal path forward, it’s hard: • Cognitive networks are still being developed • Techniques like DFS are not universally trusted • There is no global regulatory approach to sharing, or even consensus in the U.S. • Sharing today is negotiated band-by-band • Painstaking process of compatibility studies • National and Intl. negotiations among industry and government stakeholders • Establishment and testing of technical standards and regulatory restrictions • Core telecom services still rely on carrier nets • Opening door to sharing opens up new business models, new players, new paths to competition to emerge • Mix of protected infrastructure, lightly regulated competitors and unregulated apps • Change will involve trade-offs in security, reliability We have 21st century technology with 1970s enforcement

6. Regulatory Experimentation • National-Level • TVWS and incentive auctions (UHF bands) • Small cells and local coverage (3.5 GHz) • Completing a broadband spectrum range (5 GHz) • Licensed Shared Access (LSA) • International-Level • Other countries -- UK, EU, etc. • ITU-R – Ongoing studies for WRC-15 & Study Groups (e.g., WP1B & 5A). • Many countries remain wary of TVWS, DSA experiments Sharing poses risks and opportunities, and both sides of the equation are still being proven out, requiring a ‘trust but verify’ approach. • NTIA-DoD National Advanced Spectrum and Communications Test Network is among efforts working toward technical validation of new forms of sharing to create trust among stakeholders. What’s Good for the Goose: So far, terrestrial mobile industries seem interested in sharing Federal and broadcasting bands – what about opening up non-Federal, commercial wireless bands to sharing?

7. Open Questions: Security, Monitoring and Enforcement • Solving Security, Monitoring, and Enforcement issues around sharing will require evolution of policy, regulatory, and technology • Greater spectrum abundance ≠ greater stability or less interference • Security and Cyber-Security • Industry is evolving protections for consumers; meanwhile • Databases geared toward Google customers are not designed for OPSEC • Monitoring • Opportunities in IoT devices as sensors • Enforcement • Greater centralized network controls could help • Decentralized networks may require technology to avoid causing harmful interference and being more resilient to changes in the spectrum environment • Sharing only works if all parties comply – otherwise, you have “tragedy of the commons” • What about purposely low cost devices, without sense and avoid or shut-down features? • Google puts advanced encryption in handsets; law enforcement up to and including Attorney General object. What about law enforcement and homeland security? • Trust and Enforcement as always are Key!

8. More Spectrum for What? • Demand Driven by Education, Health, the Artsbut… • Consider these social media apps: • Facebook – complicated privacy settings and potential over-sharing of personal info • Snapchat – messaging of “disappearing” photos • Secret – Allows short, anonymous messaging among small user groups • Whisper – Users can send anonymous messages superimposed on images • Yik Yak – This app has no usernames or passwords, but allows all users in a 1.5 mile area to send and read messages anonymously • Highlight – provides social and background information on users to all other app users up to 100 yards away. • Tinder – A location-based dating app with chat capability that provides personal info to other nearby users Source: Arlington Catholic Herald • And we wonder how teens are exposed to “sexting,” cyber-bullying and stalking? • Families are facing these potential digital dangers alone Snapchat was recently valued at roughly $10 billion, And it reportedly rebuffed an acquisition offer of $3 billion from Facebook

9. Unintended/IntendedConsequences • Values Issues – the Digital `Wild West’ • The good, the bad and the ugly – everything from cancer support groups to porn & cybercrime • How do we protect the vulnerable and make knowledge out of information overload? • Economic Growth and the Public Good • In most cases, they coincide – BUT • Sharing justto meet growing consumer demand may risk cutting off future spectrum access for growing Federal and non-profit needs • Digital Dividends and Digital Divides • Are we entrenching broadband mobile as an amplifier of global digital disparities? • Need to empower the world’s less-affluent to engage in the Information Age • Sharing Dividend • Sharing creates new opportunities for more wireless bandwidth to be utilized by more users, so the question is how that "sharing dividend" is apportioned • Commercial broadband sometimes – but not always - the highest and best use • Numerous public interest applications may be optimal use (e.g., air traffic control, space exploration) – still important economic contributions and often no commercial/wireless carrier substitute.

10. The vision of a technologically enabled mobile marketplace will be a reality in 2025. Our challenge is in ensuring that it works for the maximum possible public good. Janice Obuchowski President