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Some examples of modern hybrids

Some examples of modern hybrids. AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, . AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, -> Only few 1000 eaten by humans, . AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, -> Only few 1000 eaten by humans,

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Some examples of modern hybrids

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  1. Some examples of modern hybrids

  2. AGRICULTURE

  3. AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants,

  4. AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, -> Only few 1000 eaten by humans,

  5. AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, -> Only few 1000 eaten by humans, -> Few 100 have been more or less domest.

  6. AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, -> Only few 1000 eaten by humans, -> Few 100 have been more or less domest. - Most only minor supplements to our diet

  7. AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, -> Only few 1000 eaten by humans, -> Few 100 have been more or less domest. - Most only minor supplements to our diet - Mere dozen-> Over 80% annual tonnage of mod. crops: cereals (wheat, corn, rice, barley, & sorghum); the pulse soybean; the roots or tubers (potato, manioc, & sweet potato); the sugar sources (sugarcane & sugar beet) & the fruit banana

  8. AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, -> Only few 1000 eaten by humans, -> Few 100 have been more or less domest. - Most only minor supplements to our diet - Mere dozen-> Over 80% annual tonnage of mod. crops: cereals (wheat, corn, rice, barley, & sorghum); the pulse soybean; the roots or tubers (potato, manioc, & sweet potato); the sugar sources (sugarcane & sugar beet) & the fruit banana - Cereal crops alone now-> over 1/2 calories consumed

  9. AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, -> Only few 1000 eaten by humans, -> Few 100 have been more or less domest. - Most only minor supplements to our diet - Mere dozen-> Over 80% annual tonnage of mod. crops: cereals (wheat, corn, rice, barley, & sorghum); the pulse soybean; the roots or tubers (potato, manioc, & sweet potato); the sugar sources (sugarcane & sugar beet) & the fruit banana - Cereal crops alone now-> over 1/2 calories consumed - Many areas had no wild native plants of great potential

  10. AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, -> Only few 1000 eaten by humans, -> Few 100 have been more or less domest. - Most only minor supplements to our diet - Mere dozen-> Over 80% annual tonnage of mod. crops: cereals (wheat, corn, rice, barley, & sorghum); the pulse soybean; the roots or tubers (potato, manioc, & sweet potato); the sugar sources (sugarcane & sugar beet) & the fruit banana - Cereal crops alone now-> over 1/2 calories consumed - Many areas had no wild native plants of great potential - Primeval corn a grass that hardly suggests potential for food -> Took 1000s years to develop it into usable food

  11. AGRICULTURE -200k species of wild flowering plants, -> Only few 1000 eaten by humans, -> Few 100 have been more or less domest. - Most only minor supplements to our diet - Mere dozen-> Over 80% annual tonnage of mod. crops: cereals (wheat, corn, rice, barley, & sorghum); the pulse soybean; the roots or tubers (potato, manioc, & sweet potato); the sugar sources (sugarcane & sugar beet) & the fruit banana - Cereal crops alone now-> over 1/2 calories consumed - Many areas had no wild native plants of great potential - Primeval corn a grass that hardly suggests potential for food -> Took 1000s years to develop it into usable food - Failure to domest. even 1 major new food plant in mod times

  12. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  13. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  14. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  15. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  16. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  17. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  18. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  19. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  20. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  21. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  22. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  23. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST)

  24. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. Crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinate-> New varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains50X more • calories than needed to harvest • ->Good hunting & gathering  • Perm. villages before agr Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6)

  25. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. Crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinate-> New varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  26. Eikorn wheat and an early sickle with a wood handle and flint blades used to harvest it.

  27. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. Crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinate-> New varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  28. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  29. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  30. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  31. Until about 8000 BCE, wild game and fish were so plentiful that our ancestors didn’t need to farm for a living. By the same token, they could live in semi-permanent villages rather than be constantly roaming. This allowed them to notice how seeds sprout, thus leading to the invention of agriculture.

  32. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  33. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  34. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  35. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  36. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Depletes H&G resources Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Population growth Heavier reliance on agr. Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Need for more food Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  37. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Depletes H&G resources Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Population growth Heavier reliance on agr. Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Need for more food Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  38. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Depletes H&G resources Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Population growth Heavier reliance on agr. Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Need for more food Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  39. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Depletes H&G resources Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Population growth Heavier reliance on agr. Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Need for more food Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2)

  40. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Heavier reliance on agr. Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Population growth Depletes H&G resources Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Eventually settle down to full-time agric. with important results: Need for more food Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2) Dev. new agricultural techniques: 2-field system, crop rotation)popul.  Less coop. & sharing Priv. prop. Soc. classes & more conflict Start of status gap b/w genders

  41. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Heavier reliance on agr. Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Population growth Depletes H&G resources Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Eventually settle down to full-time agric. with important results: Need for more food Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2) Dev. new agricultural techniques: 2-field system, crop rotation)popul.  Less coop. & sharing Priv. prop. Soc. classes & more conflict Start of status gap b/w genders

  42. FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS • First 8 domest. crops all self • pollinating • Occasionally would cross- • pollinateNew varieties • Fert. Cresc. Had all of 1st 8 • crops that could be farmed • 6/8 exclusively: einkorn wheat, • emmer wheat, barley, lentils, • peas, chickpea, bitter vetch, • flax.  • - Only flax & barley, range • outside Fer Cr & Anatolia • Wild grains provide50X more • calories than needed to harvest • Good hunting & gathering • Perm. villages before agr Heavier reliance on agr. Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Population growth Depletes H&G resources Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Eventually settle down to full-time agric. with important results: Need for more food Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2) Dev. new agricultural techniques: 2-field system, crop rotation)popul.  Less coop. & sharing Priv. prop. Soc. classes & more conflict Start of status gap b/w genders

  43. An early agricultural village

  44. An agricultural village (c.6000 BC) Its walls are probably built more for protection against wild animals than marauders. Square architecture, which makes more efficient use of limited space, has replaced the older circular houses.

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