Latin Grammar

1. Latin Grammar Three new vocabulary items: alius, alia, aliud aliquis, aliqua, aliquidand aliquī, aliqua, aliquod ipse, ipsa, ipsum (Grammar for 4B, pp. 216-18)

2. alius and aliquis • Your book introduces two words together. • alius, alia, aliud, which means another or other • aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, which means someone, something • Your book presents these words as if they were closely related. • In some sense they are; aliquiscomes from ali(us) + quis. • But, really, they are very different words that should be considered separate entities.

3. alius, alia, aliud • This is a word that means other. • It is declined like multus, -a, um, EXCEPT: • The nominative and accusative neuter singular is aliud. • The genitive singular for all three genders is alīus(and is rare). • The dative singular of all three genders is aliī.

4. alius, alia, alius • By the way, alius, alia, aliudalso expresses the idea of different in Latin. aliumcanemuīdī. I saw another dog = I saw a different dog.

5. Words for Other in English • English uses the, and a to alter the meaning of other. • the other is often used for groups of two. Give me the other wrench. • another and other and others are usually used for groups of three or more. Give me another wrench. I have other wrenches. I have others. • the other + plural nounor the others means the rest or the remaining Give me the other wrenches. Give me the others.

6. Words for Other in Latin • Latin does not do this. It does not have a word for a or the. • Instead, Latin has four words for “other.” • alter, altera, alterumis used to refer to the other of two. • alius, alia, aliudis used to refer to another or others of a group of three or more. • cēterī, cēterae, cẻterameans the rest or the remaining; it usually appears only in the plural. • reliquus, -a, -um means the rest or the remaining; it appears in both the singular and plural.

7. alius, alia, aliud • You may remember that when we used the word alter, sometimes it is used twice in a row to mean the one and the other or the firstand the second. alteramBacchidemamō et alteramōdī. (I love the one Bacchis, and I hate the other = I love the first Bacchis, and I hate the second)

8. alius, alia, aliud • Similarly, alius, alia, aliud, when used more than once in a row in the singular, means one…another. aliusingredituret aliusēgreditur. (one man is going in, and another is going out) • When used more than once in a row in the plural, it can mean some…others. aliīingrediunturet aliīēgrediuntur. (some people are going in, and others are going out)

9. alius, alia, aliudin multiple cases. • Latin is very fond of using alius, alia, aliudin different cases in the same sentence. alii alia uīdērunt. Different people saw different things. = one person saw one thing, and another person saw other things.

10. alius, alia, aliudin multiple cases. • These expressions can occur in the singular or plural and it makes no difference in meaning. alii alia uīdērunt. = aliusaliuduīdit. A different person saw a different thing. = one person saw one thing, and another person saw other things.

11. alius, alia, aliud’s relatives • There are many adverbs related to alius, alia, aliud. aliās = at another time alibi = at another place aliusaliāshaecfacit. (A different person does this at a different time = one person does this at one time, and another at another.

12. alius, alia, aliud’s relatives • Watch out for the adjective aliēnus, -a, -um. • In Latin, it is used as the possessive of alius, alia, aliud. • It means of another person = someone else’s. aliēna mala nōnmēuexant. (the troubles of another person don’t bother me = I don’t worry about someone else’s troubles) • This is one reason the genitive of alius, alia, aliud is rare: this word is used instead for possesion.

13. aliquis, aliqua, aliquid / aliquī, aliqua, aliquod • In 4B, two important words are introduced. • aliquis, aliqua, aliquid • This word declines pretty much like quis, quid, with an ali- up front. • It means someone in the masculine and feminine and something in the neuter. aliquiduīdī. cum aliquōcolloquēbar.

14. aliquis, aliqua, aliquid / aliquī, aliqua, aliquod • aliquī, aliqua, aliquod • This word declines pretty much like qui, quae quod, with an ali- up front. • It means some. in uiāseruumaliquem semper uidēbam.

15. WARNING! WARNING! NOT THE PLURAL! aliquī, aliqua, aliquod! aliquis, aliqua, aliquid!

16. ipse, ipsa, ipsum • A note on -self forms in English • We have seen forms like myself, yourself, himself and so on as reflexives. I see myself in the mirror. I hurt myself skiing.

17. ipse, ipsa, ipsum • English –self forms have a second use. • They are also intensive pronouns. I, myself, want nothing to do with that. They have to solve the problem themselves.

18. ipse, ipsa, ipsum • The Latin intensiveis ipse, ipsa, ipsum haecfecīipse. (I did this myself). mīlitēsipsīaquamferunt. (The soldiers themselves are carrying the water) (The very soldiers are carrying the water.)

19. ipse, ipsa, ipsum

20. ipse vs. sē • Because the English intensive and reflexive look alike, it’s easy for English-speaking Latin students to confuse the two. • Don’t.

21. ipse vs. sē • One little hint: if you remove an intensive, the sentence will mean the more or less the same. I, myself, don’t believe you. I saw myself in the mirror.

22. ipse vs. sē MarcusdicitsēIūliamamāre. = Marcus says himself to love Julia. = Marcus says that he loves Julia. NOT: Marcus says that he himself loves Julia. (that would need a form of ipse.)