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Bell Work 10/05/2012

Bell Work 10/05/2012. Write about what you know of the following people: John Dalton J. J. Thomson Ernest Rutherford. Key Learning: The number, type and arrangement of subatomic particles differs with each element. Unit 2 Atomic Structure. Basic Atomic Model. Concept.

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Bell Work 10/05/2012

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  1. Bell Work 10/05/2012 • Write about what you know of the following people: • John Dalton • J. J. Thomson • Ernest Rutherford

  2. Key Learning: The number, type and arrangement of subatomic particles differs with each element. Unit 2Atomic Structure

  3. Basic Atomic Model Concept

  4. Concept: Basic Atomic Model Choose 1: How to do Vocabulary: Vocabulary Subatomic particles Orbits Nucleus Atom*** Electron cloud Ground state Excited state Absorption emission • Write word and definition. Underline and highlight vocabulary word. • Write word on front and definition on back of index cards. • Create a poem or rap of vocabulary words and definitions. • Create foldable with words and definitions.

  5. Atomic Theory of Matter

  6. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the locations and charges of subatomic particles? • Dalton’s Atomic Theory • First to propose that elements were comprised of atoms • Write 5 parts to Dalton’s Atomic Theory pg. 68

  7. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the locations and charges of subatomic particles? • Modern Atomic Theory • ***modification of Dalton’s Atomic Theory*** • 1. All Matter is composed of atoms • 2. Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element How is this different than Dalton’s Theory? • there is no mention of an atom being smallest particle

  8. Investigated cathode rays. J. J. Thomson (1856 – 1940)

  9. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: How do Thompson and Bohr’s models of the atom compare? • J.J. Thomson • Discovered electrons ~1897 by using cathode ray tubes • “plum-pudding” model • Thought the atom was solid

  10. Cathode (-) Anode (+)Electric plates (one +, one -) partially evacuated glass tube that produces a beam between the cathode and anode Cathode Ray Tubes (mid 1800’s)

  11. Discovered: Alpha particles and Beta particles Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1938)

  12. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: How do Thomson and Bohr’s models of the atom compare? • Ernest Rutherford • Credited with the development of the nuclear model for the atom • Used gold foil method. This disproved Thomson’s model. • 3 postulates • Most of atom’s mass and all of its positive charge are in a localized small core---nuclear theory • Most of atom’s volume is empty space in which tiny, negatively charged electrons are dispersed • Since electrons are electrically neutral, there are as many (+) particles (protons) with the nucleus as there are (-) electrons outside the nucleus – or – protons = electrons

  13. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: How do Thomson and Bohr’s models of the atom compare? • 10/08/2012 • Write Question and Answer • What did Rutherford do that disproved Thomson’s model?

  14. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: How do Thompson and Bohr’s models of the atom compare? • Developing a New Atomic Model • EM Spectrum Diagram • Energy moves as a wave • Includes all electromagnetic radiation • Visible light is only a small part of the EM spectrum (400-700 nm)

  15. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: How do Thompson and Bohr’s models of the atom compare? • EM radiation • 1.Properties of Light • a. visible light • Form of energy traveling in waves • b. speed of light (c) • Wavelength X frequency • The shorter the wavelength, the greater the frequency

  16. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: How do Thompson and Bohr’s models of the atom compare? c. Characteristics of Waves • Wavelength • Distance from peak to peak of a wave • Measured in nm • Frequency • Number of waves that pass through a set point in a given amount of time (waves/sec)

  17. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: How do Thompson and Bohr’s models of the atom compare? • Photoelectric effect • Emissions of electrons from metals that have absorbed photons • Photon • A particle of EM radiation that has a zero mass and a quantum amount of energy • Quantum • Minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom

  18. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: How do Thompson and Bohr’s models of the atom compare? • Bohr model • Lowest energy state of an atom  ground state • An atom having a higher potential energy  excited state • Energy must be absorbed to move electrons to a higher orbit (ground state  excited state) • Energy is emitted (given off as EM radiation) when electrons are moved to a lower orbit (excited state  ground state)

  19. Bohr’s ideas came from absorption and emission spectra. When an element is heated up, it gives off light of specific colors: emission spectrum When light goes through an element, it absorbs light of specific colors: absorption spectrum

  20. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: How do Thompson and Bohr’s models of the atom compare? • Bohr modelcontinued… • Electrons circle nucleus in orbits (energy levels) • When electrons are in orbit, its energy is fixed • Lowest energy levels are closest to the nucleus while Highest energy levels are farther away from nucleus • Electrons can move to higher energy levels when hit by a photon

  21. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the locations and charges of subatomic particles? • Structure of the atom • 3 subatomic particles identify the element • 1. protons • Ernest Rutherford (1909) • (+) charge • Mass 1.674 X 10 -²7 g – or – 1 amu • Relative mass 1.007 276 • Held by nuclear forces

  22. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the locations and charges of subatomic particles? • 2. Neutron (N) • James Chadwick (1932) • No charge; neutral • Has mass of 1.675 X 10-27 g – or – 1 amu • Relative mass = 1.008 665 • In nucleus and held by nuclear forces • Responsible for isotopes- atoms of same element with different #’s of neutrons

  23. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the locations and charges of subatomic particles? • 3. Electron (e-) • J.J. Thomson (1897) • ( – ) charge • Negligible mass (1/1836 amu –or- 9.11 X10-31g • Relative mass 0.000 5486 • In orbitals within the electron cloud • Makes volume of atom • # in last energy level determines the chemical activity

  24. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the locations and charges of subatomic particles? • Things to Note: • Mass of atom is in the nucleus • Atomic radius (Angstrom) is distance from nucleus to outer edge of electron cloud • Volume of atom is from electron cloud

  25. Periodic Table and atomic structure Concept

  26. Concept: Periodic Table and atomic structure • Write word and definition. Underline and highlight vocabulary word. • Write word on front and definition on back of index cards. • Create a poem or rap of vocabulary words and definitions. • Create foldable with words and definitions. • Atomic number • Average atomic mass • Isotopes • Protons • Neutrons • Electrons • Mass number

  27. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What is the relationship between atomic number, atomic mass and subatomic particles? • Write question and answer. • Write the correct nuclear symbol for the following: • An atom has 23 protons and 29 neutrons. • An atom has 42 protons and 49 neutrons.

  28. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What is the relationship between atomic number, atomic mass and subatomic particles? • You can use information from periodic table to determine the structure of an atom • Atomic number (identifies the element) • Atomic symbol • Element name • Average atomic mass  round to nearest whole number to get the mass # (total number of protons and neutrons that make up nucleus of an isotope.

  29. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What is the relationship between atomic number, atomic mass and subatomic particles? • Where does average atomic mass come from? • Average of atomic masses of naturally occurring isotopes of that element • Example: We have a box of 2 types of marbles (100 total). If 25% of these marbles have a mass of 2 g and 75% have a mass of 3 g, then what is the average mass of the marbles?

  30. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What is the relationship between atomic number, atomic mass and subatomic particles? • APPLY to elements!!! • We have 69.15% of Cu-63, with an atomic mass of 62.929601 amu and 30.85% of Cu-65 with an atomic mass of 64.927794. What is the average atomic mass?

  31. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What is the relationship between atomic number, atomic mass and subatomic particles? • You APPLY to elements!!! • There is 99.757 % of O-16 with an atomic mass of 15.994915 amu and .038% of O-17 with an atomic mass of 16.999132 amu and 0.205% of O-18 with an atomic mass of 17.999160 amu. Calculate the average atomic mass.

  32. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What is the relationship between atomic number, atomic mass and subatomic particles? • Isotopes • They have the same number of protons and electrons as a neutral element; but, different number of neutrons (therefore different masses). • Even though this affects average atomic mass –or- mass number, is does not significantly alter their chemical behavior

  33. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What is the relationship between atomic number, atomic mass and subatomic particles? • Nuclear Symbol • Superscript indicates the mass number (p+n) • Subscript indicates the atomic number (p) • Hyphen Notation • Element symbol, hyphen, mass number

  34. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What is the relationship between atomic number, atomic mass and subatomic particles? • Mathematical Equations • Atomic number = # of p (also tells you # of e) • Mass number = # of p + # of N • Number of Neutrons = mass # - atomic #

  35. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What is the relationship between atomic number, atomic mass and subatomic particles? • Complete worksheet 2 and 3

  36. Quantum Atomic Model Concept

  37. Concept: Quantum Atomic Model Choose 1: How to do Vocabulary: Vocabulary Quantum numbers • Write word and definition. Underline and highlight vocabulary word. • Write word on front and definition on back of index cards. • Create a poem or rap of vocabulary words and definitions. • Create foldable with words and definitions.

  38. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: Why is the Bohr model insufficient to describe the electron configuration of all elements? • With the Bohr model, we can show what energy level the electrons are in. However, the Bohr model does not show where the electron is exactly located or what orbital they are in.

  39. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the characteristics of the four orbitals in the Quantum model of the atom? • Where are electrons located in an atom? • Electron cloud • Electrons are located in specific locations within energy levels. These levels are known as orbital “home” • Atomic orbitals vary in amount of energy, shape and location outside of nucleus

  40. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the characteristics of the four orbitals in the Quantum model of the atom? • Quantum numbers are used to describe the atomic orbitals and the electrons which occupy them • “address” of an electron • Quantum Theory-describe proportion of electrons mathematically

  41. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the characteristics of the four orbitals in the Quantum model of the atom? • 4 Quantum Numbers • Principle Quantum Number (n) • Energy level of orbital • 7 energy levels (7 periods of table) • Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) • Indicates the shape of the orbital

  42. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the characteristics of the four orbitals in the Quantum model of the atom? • Magnetic Quantum Number (m) • Indicates the orientation of the orbital • Spin Quantum Number (+ ½ or – ½ ) • Electrons are constantly spinning (clockwise/counter-clockwise)

  43. Energy and electrons Concept

  44. Concept: Energy and Electrons Choose 1: How to do Vocabulary: Vocabulary Orbital notation Electron configuration notation Noble gas notation Hund’s Rule Aufbau’s Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle • Write word and definition. Underline and highlight vocabulary word. • Write word on front and definition on back of index cards. • Create a poem or rap of vocabulary words and definitions. • Create foldable with words and definitions.

  45. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the three rules that guides electron configuration? • Pauli Exclusion Principle • No two electrons can have the same 4 quantum numbers • Atomic orbitals • Electrons are not only located in energy levels; but, they are more specifically located in orbitals

  46. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the three rules that guides electron configuration? • 4 types of Atomic Orbitals • s, p, d, and f

  47. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the three rules that guides electron configuration? • S-orbital • Shaped like a sphere • 1 per energy level • Can hold 2 electrons • S-block is groups 1-2

  48. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the three rules that guides electron configuration? • P orbital • Shaped like a dumbbell • 3 per energy level • One on x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis • Each one holds 2 electrons for a total of 6 electrons • Groups 13-18

  49. UEQ: What is the structure of the atom?LEQ: What are the three rules that guides electron configuration? • D-orbital • Begins at energy level 3 • 5 different orbitals • Each hold 2 electrons for a total of 10 electrons • Groups 3-12

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