FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)

1. Using old Rep’s offices to train them Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Regular pay No need for corruption Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s and army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Medit’s central position fast comm’s Little expansion except conquest of Britain & Dacia Pax Romana: 200 years of nearly unbroken peace & prosperity throughout the Mediterranean, with trade extending to China & India (FC. 33)

2. a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)

3. a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31)

4. a FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26)

5. a Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it……? FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26)

6. a Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26)

7. What’s in a Name? • Augustus

8. What’s in a Name? • Augustus—implies devotion to Gods

9. What’s in a Name? • Augustus—implies devotion to Gods • Princeps

10. What’s in a Name? • Augustus—implies devotion to Gods • Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate)

11. What’s in a Name? • Augustus—implies devotion to Gods • Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate) • Pater Patriae—

12. What’s in a Name? • Augustus—implies devotion to Gods • Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate) • Pater Patriae—“father of the country”

13. What’s in a Name? • Augustus—implies devotion to Gods • Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate) • Pater Patriae—“father of the country” • Imperator

14. What’s in a Name? • Augustus—implies devotion to Gods • Princeps—“First Citizen” (Principate) • Pater Patriae—“father of the country” • Imperator—acclamation for victorious general

15. “Restoring the Republic” • Propaganda • Poets

16. “Restoring the Republic” • Propaganda • Poets • Public Art In 13 BCE Augustus dedicated the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) to his own pietas and the Pax Romana he had established. Its relief sculptures were done in the style of Periclean Athens in the fifth century BCE, an era which Augustus and his age unquestionably emulated. In the center is Augustus, his head covered to indicate his role of pontifex maximus (high priest) and his special relationship with the gods.

17. “Restoring the Republic” • Propaganda • Poets • Public Art • Coins

18. “Restoring the Republic” • Propaganda • Poets • Public Art • Coins • “Res Gestae”

19. “Restoring the Republic” • Propaganda • Poets • Public Art • Coins • “Res Gestae” • DGP Source 6, Augustus

20. In my sixth and seventh consulships, after I had put an end to the civil wars, having attained supreme power by universal consent, I transferred the state from my own power to the control of the Roman senate and the people. For this service of mine I received the title of Augustus by decree of the senate...and a golden shield was set up in the Julian senate house, which, as the inscription on this shield testifies, the Roman senate and people gave me in recognition of my valor, clemency, justice, and devotion. After that time I excelled all in authority, but I possessed no more power than the others who were my colleagues in each magistracy (Res Gestae, 34).

21. “Restoring the Republic” • Propaganda • Poets • Public Art • Coins • “Res Gestae” • DGP Source 6, Augustus • DGP Source 7, Cassius Dio • Why is it necessary for Emperors like Augustus to not present themselves as a king? • How do emperors use the title imperator? • What powers do the emperors have? (underline) • What does “clothed themselves with all the powers of government” mean? • In summary, how would Cassius Dio respond to what Augustus said in Source 6?

25. a Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession? Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26)

26. a Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession? Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26)

27. a Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26)

28. a Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) 3 main problems with governors during the late Republic?

29. a Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Unsupervised? Inexperienced Unpaid? Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

30. a Supervision? Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Supervision? Experience? Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

31. a Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Experience? Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

32. a Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

33. a Regular pay No need for corruption Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Bureaucr. Reforms? Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Using old Rep’s offices to train them Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

34. a Regular pay No need for corruption Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Bureaucr. reforms Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Using old Rep’s offices to train them Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

35. a Regular pay No need for corruption Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Bureaucr. reforms Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Using old Rep’s offices to train them Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

36. a Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

37. a Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions How did Aug. keep cost down? Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

38. a Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

39. a Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30)

40. a Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) How threatened was Rome by outside powers?

41. a Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Geographic Factor favoring Rome? Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs.

42. a Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Medit’s central position fast comm’s

43. a Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Medit’s central position fast comm’s What was this period referred to & why?

44. a Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Regular pay No need for corruption Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Reduced army from 60 to 28 legions Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies &making laws: Using old Rep’s offices to train them Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Medit’s central position fast comm’s Little expansion except conquest of Britain & Dacia Pax Romana: 200 years of nearly unbroken peace & prosperity throughout the Mediterranean, with trade extending to China & India (FC. 33)