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Nursing Theorists: Watson & Newman

Nursing Theorists: Watson & Newman. Lindsay Parker Kimberly Wright Marissa Zingaro Sacred Heart University. Abstract. Looking at two well known nursing theorists: Jean Watson and Margaret Newman Examining their theories and concepts Analyzing each theorist’s model of care

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Nursing Theorists: Watson & Newman

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  1. Nursing Theorists: Watson & Newman Lindsay Parker Kimberly Wright Marissa Zingaro Sacred Heart University

  2. Abstract • Looking at two well known nursing theorists: Jean Watson and Margaret Newman • Examining their theories and concepts • Analyzing each theorist’s model of care • Applying each theorist’s model in current practice

  3. Margaret Newman Health as Expanding Consciousness

  4. Background • She cared for her mother who suffered from ALS which sparked her interest in nursing (McEwen & Wills, 2011, p. 189) • Served as a faculty member at the University of Tennessee, NYU, Pennsylvania State University, and University of Minnesota (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 189) • Received many awards for her work

  5. Newman’s Timeline of Theory • 1962- Completed her Bachelor’s degree from the University of Tennessee • 1964- Received her Master’s degree from the University of California • 1971- Completed her Doctorate from NYU • 1978- Newman spoke at a conference and became interested in theory • 1979- Published a theory on health • 1986- Published Health as Expanding Consciousness • 1994- Health as Expanding Consciousness wasrevised for the first time • 1999- Her previous work was revised for a second time • 2008- Book: Transforming presence: The Difference Nursing Makes (McEwen and Wills, 2011,p. 188)

  6. Influences on Newman’s Theory • Martha Rogers • Science of Unitary Health beings is the basis for Health as Expanding Consciousness (McEwen & Wills, 2011,p.189) • Itzhak Bentov • “Explanation of the concept of evolution of consciousness” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 189) • Arthur Young • Pattern Recognition • David Bohm • Theory of implicate order

  7. Assumptions • “The human is unitary, that is, cannot be divided into parts, and is inseparable from the larger unitary field” (McEwen & Wills, 2011,p. 189) • Humans are open energy systems that are in continuous contact with the environment (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p.189) • “Humans are continuously active in evolving their own pattern of the whole and are intuitive as well as cognitive and affective beings” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 189) • “The person does not possess consciousness, the person is consciousness” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p.189) • Health includes illness and pathologic conditions can be manifestations of the pattern of the person (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 189) • Changes occur simultaneously not linearly (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 189)

  8. Concepts • Health: An essential component that is “a process of developing awareness of self and the environment together with increasing the ability to perceive alternatives and response in a variety of ways” (McEwen & Wills, 2011, p.189) • Newman used this meta-paradigmal concept. • Nursing : “caring in the human health experience” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 189). • Newman used this met-paradigmal concept. • Person: A vibrant pattern of energy and “an open system in interaction with the environment. Persons can be defined by their patterns of consciousness” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 190) • Consciousness: The capacity of the system to interact with the environment • “thinking, feeling, and processing information embedded in physiologic systems” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 190) • Expanding consciousness: “increasing complexity of the living system…characterized by illumination and pattern recognition resulting in transformation and discovery”. This is health. (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 190)

  9. Concepts • Integration via movement: natural condition of living creatures. Newman believes consciousness is conveyed through movement. This reflects and communicates an individual’s “inner pattern and organization” (McEwen & Wills, 2011,p.190) • Pattern: “relatedness, which is characterized by movement, diversity, and rhythm” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p.190). This portrays person-environment interactions. A pattern is visible in how one talks, moves, and relates to others. • Pattern recognition: The realization of the truth. It is vital for the process of evolving to a higher level of consciousness. It demonstrates the possibility for action. (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 190) • Time and Space: “Temporal patterns that are specific to individuals and define their ways of being within their world” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p.190)

  10. Theory Analysis • The theory of health as expanding consciousness: • stimulated by concern for those for whom health as the absence of disease or disability is not possible (Newman, 2010). • The theory asserts that: • every person in every situation, no matter how disordered and hopeless it may seem, is part of the universal process of expanding consciousness • a process of becoming more of oneself, of finding greater meaning in life, and of reaching new dimensions of connectedness with other people and the world, (Newman, 2010). • “Consciousness is a manifestation of an evolving pattern of person-environment interaction” (Nursing Theories, 2012)

  11. Relationships of the Theory • Health and illness are simply “health” (McEwen & Wills, 2011,p.190) • Health is a pattern. Newman believes a person should look at patterns instead of parts (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p.191) • “Pattern recognition comes from within the observer” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 191) • Patterns develop over time and are not predicted with confidence. • To provide care, one must understand “the meaning of relationships through pattern recognition” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 191) • Time, space, and movement are related. • Time and space are complementary to each other while movement turns time and space into reality (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p.191) • “Movement is seen as a reflection of consciousness, time is a function of movement, and time is a measure of consciousness” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p.191) • Individuals are continually changing. This movement through time and space leads to someone’s perception of reality.

  12. Testability • “Newman’s theory has been the basis for an impressive number of doctoral dissertations” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 191). • “Most of the research done for this theory was qualitative” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 191). • “The theory has been used with sudden deaths in children as well as with children cancer survivors” McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 192)

  13. Usefulness • “Newman (1994) believed that theory must be derived from practice and theory must inform practice” (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 191). • Examples: • Nursing practice with families • Direct practice among case manager • Older husbands who were caring for wives with dementia • Women with multiple sclerosis or menopause (McEwen and Wills, 2011, p. 191)

  14. Theory Application • Margaret Newman’s theory “…can be applied in any setting” (McEwen & Wills, 2011, P. 193). • Numerous articles use Newman’s theory for a variety of patients • a caring process that reflects the whole person and transforms all of us and all that we do” (Weingourt, 1998, p. 30).

  15. Theory Evaluation • Newman’s theory states “…a person’s life is constantly evolving toward a higher consciousness or unitary wholeness. Recognizing life patterns is an essential component in moving toward wholeness” (Predeger & Mumma, 2004, p.14). • Patterns need to be recognized before therapeutic treatment can begin

  16. Theory Evaluation (cont.) • Newman’s theory was used in a prison to examine the patterns of incarcerated women who had young children on the outside waiting for them • Newman’s theory was applied and the nurse was able “to establish a greater level of trust” (Hayes & Jones, 2007, p.66).

  17. Advanced Practice Application • Newman envisioned nursing in 2050 to be more proactive with nurses being “full partners” in treatment • Newman and Watson both emphasize compassion and caring as the foundation of their theories. • Nurses need to form a connection with the patient to have effective healing- physical, mental or spiritual, occur

  18. References DeNisco, S., & Barker, A. (2013). Advanced Practice Nursing: Evolving Roles for the Transformation of the Profession (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Hayes, M. & Jones, D. (2007). Health as Expanding Consciousness: Pattern Recognition and Incarcerated Mothers, a Transforming Experience. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 3(2), p.61-66. McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2011). Theoretical Basis for Nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Nursing Theories, (2012). Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Watson.html

  19. References (cont.) Nursing Theories, (2012). Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Newman_Health_As_Expanding_Consciousness.html Pilkington, F., (2007), Envisioning Nursing in 2050 Through the Eyes of Nurse Theorists: Katie Eriksson and Margaret Newman. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20 (3), p. 200. doi: 10.1177/0894318407303099. Predeger, E., & Mumma, C., (2004). Connectedness in Chronic Illness: Women’s Journeys. International Journal for Human Caring, 8(1), p. 13-19.

  20. References (cont.) Wade , G. & Kasper, N. (2006). Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Instructor Caring: An Instrument Based on Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring. Journal of Nursing Education, 45(5), 162-168. Watson Caring Science Institute. (2007). Caring Science. Retrieved from http://watsoncaringscience.org/about-us/caring-science-definitions-processes-theory/# Weingourt, R., (1998). Using Margaret A. Newman's Theory of Health with Elderly Nursing Home Residents. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care,34(3), p. 25-30.

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