Protista

1. Protista By: Cassie, Jacob, Kevin, Dominic & Braden

2. Introduction • Known as the “Catch All” Kingdom • Are organisms that don’t fit anywhere else (Alderman, 2001) • Closest relatives to plants, animals, & fungi • Most diverse kingdom of eukaryotes! MORE THAN 200 000 SPECIES (Dulson, 2011)

3. What makes a Protist? • All Protists are eukaryotes • Are NOT plants, fungi, or animals • Share characteristics with other kingdoms • Put into twelve phylum • Separated into three groups

4. Animal-Like Protists • Are Heterotrophic • Where animals evolved from • Move with Psuedopods, Flagella, or Cilia • Some are parasites • Have only Mitochondria (Guillen, 2008) (Alderman, Strathy, Cofield, Edwards, 2002)

5. Plant-Like Protists • All are Autotrophic • Mostly Green • Form a large part of Plankton • 25% of sun’s energy used on Earth • Have Mitochondria and Chloroplast (Euglena limnophila 2013) (Alderman, Strathy, Cofield, Edwards, 2002)

6. Fungal-Like Protists • Commonly called “Slime Molds” • Are Heterotrophic • Brightly coloured • Thousands of individual cells • Coagulate into one giant cell (mystuart, 2012) (Alderman, Strathy, Cofield, Edwards, 2002)

7. Obtaining Food/Nutrition/Energy • Two types Autotrophs and Heterotrophs • Autotrophs get food through photosynthesis • They contain chloroplasts, like plants (Isabelli, 2011) (Carter, 2004)

8. Obtaining Food/Nutrition/Energy • Heterotrophs can’t make their own food (Brainard and Wilkin, 2012) • Heterotrophs eat by ingestion and absorption • Ingestion protist digest by enzymes • Absorption protist absorb nutrients into their body (Garcia, 2002)

9. Habitat • Typically live in water based environments • Like oceans, freshwater ponds, lakes, and streams (Isabelli, 2011)

10. Ecosystem • Protists, such as types of blue-green algae produce oxygen • Protist provides 80% of the Earth’s oxygen • Some Protist perform photosynthesis. • Protists consume garbage in ecosystem • Without the complex organism we would have nothing to eat

11. Symbiotic Relationship • Protist began as symbiotic relationship • Protist offer benefits for animals in symbiotic relationship • E.g Termites • Mutalistic/symbiotic ( where both organism benefits relation)

12. Reproduction • * Single cell protists reproduce asexually & sexually Asexual Sexual • Asexual Reproduction: Involves simple binary fission • Sexual Reproduction: Involves conjugation (Dulson, 2011) Paramecia (Dulson, 2011)

13. Reproduction Continued • Multicellular protists have complex life cycles • Sexual reproduction involves sperm cells & eggs • These sex cells are haploid • Zygotes created by fusion of sperm & egg • Zygotes have two copies of chromosomes • This makes the zygote diploid (Dulson, 2011)

14. Reproduction Continued • Other lifecycles have alternation of generations • Alternate between diploid and haploid stage • Both asexual and sexual reproduction needed • Without both its unable to cycle (Dulson, 2011)

15. History of Evolution • All protists are eukaryotes (true nucleus) • Oldest known fossils date 2.1 BYA • Structures of cells originated two ways: (Arato, 2010)

16. History of Evolution • Single-celled organisms attached in small colonies • Evolutionary history present in today’s eukaryotes • Protista kingdom shows us first hints: What is to come in evolutionary history? Union of eukaryotic cells into colonial organisms (Dulson, 2011)

17. Evolution of Protists (Dulson, 2011)

18. History of Evolution • Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated by endosymbiosis • They were theoretically once prokaryotic organisms • Engulfed by eukaryotic cells and incorporated • Later became permanent residents of host cells (Dulson, 2011)

19. Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells (Millstone, 2012)

20. Citations • Alderman, C., Strathy, M., Cofield, K. (2001). Protist Kingdom. Retrieved February 24th, 2013 from http://students.ncwc.edu/bio101/protista/Default.htm • Arato, R. (2010). A Class of Their Own: Protists. St. Catharines: Crabtree Publishing Company. • Brainard, J. Wilkin, D. (Feb 24, 2012). cK-12. Retrieved Feb 28, 2013, from http://www.ck12.org/concept/Autotrophs-and-Heterotrophs/?ref=%2Fconcept%2FAutotrophs-and-Heterotrophs%2F • Carter, J.C. (2004, November 2). Photosynthesis. Feb 28, 2013, from http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/photosyn.htm • Dulson, J., Fraser, D., LeDrew, B., Vavitsas, A. (2011). Biology 11. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. • (Euglena limnophila (photograph), retrieved on February 26, 2013, from http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/mastigophora/euglena/limnophila/limnophila_1a.html) • Garcia, C.L. (2002). Protist. Retrieved Feb 28, 2013, from http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Summaries/Protists.htm • (Guillen A, (photographer), 2008, Amoeba (Photograph), retrieved on February 25, 2013, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/microagua/2695978355/) • Isabelli, G. (2011). Exploring Protists. Retrieved Feb 28, 2013, from http://www.champaignschools.org/staffwebsites/isabelgi/Soph_Bio/protists.htm • McNabb, C. (March 27th, 2002) Kingdom Protista Information: Introduction to Kingdom Protista. Retrieved February 26th, 2013 from http://pangea.tec.selu.edu/~cmcnabb/etec645/protist2.html • Millstone, L. (September 14, 2012). Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity: Protists. Retrieved February 26th, 2013 from http://www.bio.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/Bio213/protists.html • (mystuart, (Photographer), 2012, Slime Mold: Early and Later (Photograph), retrieved on February 25, 2013, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/melystu/7585966680/)

21. Trypanosoma brucei (blue) among red blood cells (Van Tyne, 2011) Trypanosoma brucei By: Cassie Masschelein

22. Introduction Pronunciation: try·pan·o·so·ma   [trih-pan-uh-soh-muh] bru·ce·i [bru-see-i ]

23. (Chan, 2010) Sub species: Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

24. Basics (Chan, 2010) • Habitat: • Lives inside bloodstream (Van Tyne, 2011) • Lives inside tsetse fly –host (Villanova, 2012) • Has ecology of host - Africa (Chan, 2010) • Food Sources: • Heterotrophic species • Require food as cannot make own • Feast on nutrients in bloodstreams (Chan, 2010)

25. Basics Continued • Cell Structure: • Very similar to other eukaryotes • Goes through rounds of differentiation • Has a long flagellum • Transportation: • Through bite of tsetse fly • Bloodborn or congenital routes are rare (Hunt, 2010) (Chan, 2010) (Chan, 2010)

26. Cell Structure of Trypanosoma (Chan, 2010)

27. Basics Continued (Dulson, 2011)

28. (Hunt, 2010) The 3 Sub Species T. b. brucei, T. b. rhodesiense & T. b. gambiense

29. Trypanosoma brucei brucei • Infects game animals and causes nagana • Many animals have a natural immunity • However, can still spread it (Malvy, 2011) T. brucei in a thin film blood smear. Magnification: 1000x (Villanova, 2012)

30. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense • Causes East African trypanosomiasis • Tsetse vectors found in woodland environments • Little human-fly-human transmition occurs • Disease progresses rapidly, fatal without treatment • Symptoms occur 1-3 weeks of bite • Death will occur within months (Malvy, 2011)

31. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense • Causes West and Central sleeping sickness • Tsetse vectors found along rivers • Associated with humans longer than T. b. rhodesiense (Wiser, 2011) • 2-3 year life expectancy • Symptoms are the same as T. b. rhodesiense • Symptoms take longer, unnoticed for months (CDC, 2012)

32. Life Cycle

33. (CDC, 2012)

34. Effects on Humans • Into bloodstream and carried throughout body (Villanova, 2012) • First symptom off/on fever • Lymph glands enlarge and become painful (Brown, 2013) “Winterbottoms’s Sign” (CDC, 2012)

35. Effects on humans continued • Other Symtoms: • Headache, insomnia, loss ability to concentrate • After several months, brain becomes affected • Walking becomes shuffling • Difficulty sleeping at night, staying awake during day • Victims eventually fall into a coma/die (Brown, 2013)

36. Tsetse flies • A vector of Trypanosoma brucei • Has a parasite-host relationship • Once infected, remains infected • Important enough to have genome sequenced • Enabling creation capable of transmitting T. brucei (Chan, 2010)

37. Tsetse Fly The tsetse fly uses its biting mouthparts, which transmit African sleeping sickness (Villanova, 2012)

38. Video!

39. Citations • Brown, H. W. (2013). Trypanosomiasis. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved February 25th, 2013, from Grolier Online http://ea.grolier.com/article?id=0394060-00 • CDC. (August 29th, 2012). West African Trypanosomiasis FAQs. Retrieved February 27th, 2013 from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/gen_info/faqs-west.html • CDC. (August 29th, 2012). Biology. Retrieved February 27th, 2012 from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/biology.html • Chan, S. (August 20th, 2010). Sodalis glossinidius. Retrieved February 28th, 2013 from http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Sodalis_glossinidius • Chan, S. (August 20th, 2010). Trypanosoma. Retrieved February 27th, 2013, from http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Trypanosoma • Chan, S. (August 20th, 2010). Trypanosoma brucei. Retrieved February 27th, 2013, from http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Trypanosoma_brucei • Dulson, J., Fraser, D., LeDrew, B., Vavitsas, A. (2011). Biology 11. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. • Hunt, R. (February 15th, 2010). MOLECULAR PARASITOLOGY:  Trypanosomes Eukaryotic Cells with a Different way of doing Things. Retrieved February 28th, 2013 from http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/lecture/trypanosomiasis.htm • Malvy, D., Chappuis., F. (July 17th, 2011). Sleeping Sickness. Retrieved February 27th, 2013 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722252 • Van Tyne, D. (2011). African sleeping sickness and its mark on the human genome: an evolutionary tale. Retrieved February 27th, 2013 from https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/sitnflash_wp/2011/04/issue91/ • Villanova, P. (2012). Lethal Fugitive: Trypanosoma brucei. Retrieved February 27th, 2013 from http://www18.homepage.villanova.edu/phoebe.lett/tbrucei.htm • Wiser, M. (February 24th, 2011). African Trypanosomiasis. Retrieved February 25th, 2013 from http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/kinet.html

40. Euglena gracilis (You-glen-a gra-sil-lis) By: Dominic Tomaszewski

41. Taxonomy • Phylum: Euglenophycota (You-glen-o-fy-cota) • Class: Euglenophyceae (You-glen-o-phy-see-aye) • Order: Euglenales (You-glen-a-less) • Family: Euglenceae (You-glen-see-aye) • Genus: Euglena • Species: Euglena gracilis (Taxonomy & Nomenclature of Euglena gracilis, 2013)

42. About Euglena gracilis • Single cell, green in colour • Move with flagella • Live in water, travel with ducks • Have “eye” to find sunlight • Reproduce via Mitosis • Near bottom of food chain (Euglena: Euglena gracilis, 2004)

43. Energy • Both Autotrophic and Heterotrophic • Eats Algae for extra chloroplast • Photosynthesizes with chloroplast • Eats smaller organisms if no sun • Mostly photosynthesizes (Euglena: Euglena gracilis, 2004)

44. (Euglena: Euglena gracilis, 2004)

45. Citations • (Alderman C, Strathy M, Cofield K, Edwards S (2002), The Protist Kingdom, retrieved on February 25, 2013, from http://students.ncwc.edu/bio101/protista/Default.htm ) • (Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Euglena gracilis (2013, Jan 18) Retrieved on March 1, 2013, from http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=9655) • (Euglena gracilis(2004, Nov 1), Retrieved on March 1, 2013, from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/euglena.htm) • (Guillen A, (photographer), 2008, Amoeba (Photograph), retrieved on February 25, 2013, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/microagua/2695978355/) • (Euglena limnophila (photograph), retrieved on February 26, 2013, from http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/mastigophora/euglena/limnophila/limnophila_1a.html) • (mystuart, (Photographer), 2012, Slime Mold: Early and Later (Photograph), retrieved on February 25, 2013, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/melystu/7585966680/)

46. Amoeba By: Kevin Wolak

47. What are Amoebas • Single celled eukaryotic organism • Has no defined shape and move by (peseudopods) • Uses a process called phagocytises to obtain food • Taxonomy: Genus Taxonomy: Kingdom-Protozoa Phylum-Protozoa Class- LobosaOrder- AmoebidaFamily -AmoebidaeGenus- Amoeba Ehrenberg, Species- Amoeba proteus

48. Environment/Habitat • Spend their time attached to the bottom or to plants • Occasional floats freely in water • Unattached and float around until they land in a new place and re-attach.

49. Food Sources • Uses a process called phagocytises to obtain food • Amoebas eat algae, bacteria, other protozoans, • Also eat tiny particles of dead plant or animal matter. • Projections of the cell membrane of the amoeba extend and surround the food particle •  Digested in the vacuole

50. Threats • Eaten by zooplankton • Viruses and bacteria • Release of enzymes