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Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biomolecules

Learn about organic compounds, functional groups, polymers, and biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Understand the concepts of condensation reactions, hydrolysis, and the importance of monomers and polymers.

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Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biomolecules

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  1. Biochemistry

  2. 2.1.1: #17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27,28,29 • 2.2.1: #23, 24, 30 • 2.2.2: #2, 8 • 2.3.1: #12, 16 • 2.1.1- ____/11 • 2.2.1-____/3 • 2.2.2-____/2 • 2.3.1-____/2

  3. List the following items and tell whether they are organic or inorganic. • Wool • Cotton • Glass • Paper • Potted Plant • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Do Now

  4. All organic compounds contain the element carbon, except Carbon dioxide (CO2). • Inorganic compounds do not contain the element carbon. Organic Chemistry

  5. Because carbon atoms have four electrons in their outermost energy level, they can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon

  6. Carbon is different from many other elements in that • it has four electrons in its outermost energy level. • it readily bonds with other carbon atoms. • it can form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms. Why carbon?

  7. Hydrocarbon-an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon

  8. Carbon can bond to form: • ring structures. • straight chain structures. • branched structures.

  9. Isomer-molecules with the same molecular formula but different chemical structures

  10. Do Now • How many pairs of electrons are shared in a double bond?

  11. Each line represents a covalent bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons. • Single bond-a bond formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons. • Ex. C2H6 • Double Bond-share 2 pairs of electrons • Ex. C2H4 • Triple Bond-share 3 pairs of electrons • Ex. C2H2 Bonding

  12. Functional Groups-clusters of atoms in organic compounds that influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo. • The same functional group will undergo the same chemical reaction regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of. • Ex. hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, phosphate group. Bonding

  13. Hydroxyl group –OH • Carbonyl group C=O • Carboxyl group OH-C=O • Amino group H-N-H • Phosphate group PO4

  14. ATP contains 3 phosphate groups. • Energy is released when the bond between phosphate groups in ATP is broken. • Phosphorylation-adding or removing a phosphate group in a compound. ATP Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

  15. ADP Adenosine Di-Phosphate • ADP contains 2 phosphate groups. • Energy is required when a phosphate group is added.

  16. Do Now • What is the chemical name of ATP?

  17. Monomers-small simple molecules that build compounds • Polymers -molecule that consists of repeated, linked units. • Macromolecule-large polymers • Ex. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acid Biomolecules

  18. Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)- two molecules become linked together and a molecule of water is produced. • Each time a monomer is added to a polymer, a water molecule is released. • Ex. Fructose + Glucose = Sucrose & H2O Condensation Reaction

  19. Hydrolysis-the process of breaking down polymers into monomers by using water to break it down. • The water breaks the bond linking each monomer • Reverse of a condensation reaction. • Ex. The formation of ADP and inorganic phosphate from ATP and water. Hydrolysis

  20. H2O H OH Hydrolysis Hydrolysis H OH H OH

  21. Organic compounds contain carbon but inorganic compounds never do. • Functional groups influence chemical reactions and chemical compounds. • Polymers bond to form monomers. DO NOW(True/False)

  22. Carbohydrates-organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms, to one oxygen atom. • Ex. CH2O • Used for quick energy • End in –ose • Monosaccharide-simple sugar • Ex. Glucose, Fructose, & Lactose • Disaccharide-two monosaccharides combine in a condensation reaction • Ex. Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose +H2O Carbohydrates:Monomer=monosaccharide Polymer=disaccharide/Polysaccharide

  23. Polysaccharide-complex molecule composed of 3 or more monosaccharides. • Ex. Glycogen-how animals store food • Ex. Starch-how plants store food • Ex. Cellulose-gives strength & rigidity to plant cells CarbohydratesMonomer=monosaccharides Polymer=disaccharides

  24. Proteins-organic compounds composed of hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen. • Amino acids-monomers of proteins • About 20 different types & all share a basic structure • The different shapes allow proteins to carry out many different activities in living things. ProteinsMonomer=amino acidsPolymer=Polypeptide

  25. Peptide Bond-2 amino acids form a covalent bond resulting in a dipeptide and a release of a water molecule. • Polypeptide-long chains of amino acids • Peptide Bond Formation ProteinsMonomer=Amino AcidsPolymer=Polypepide

  26. ProteinMonomer=Amino AcidPolymer=Polypeptide • A protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded into a unique shape that determines the protein’s function • A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure

  27. ProteinMonomer=Amino AcidPolymer=Polypeptide • Primary Structure • A protein’s primary structure is the sequence of amino acids forming its polypeptide chains

  28. ProteinMonomer=Amino AcidPolymer=Polypeptide • Secondary structure • A protein’s secondary structure is the coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonding • Ex. Alpha helix or Pleated Sheet

  29. ProteinMonomer=Amino AcidPolymer=Polypeptide • Tertiary Structure • A protein’s tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of one polypeptide

  30. ProteinMonomer=Amino AcidPolymer=Polypeptide • Quaternary Structure • A protein’s quaternary structure results from the association of two or more polypeptide chains

  31. ProteinsMonomer=AminoAcidsPolymer=Polypeptide • Denaturation-polypeptide chains unravel, losing their specific shape and function and are never able to change back to the original form. • Proteins & enzymes can be denatured • Ex. Changes in salt concentration, pH, excessive heat

  32. Protein Folding • Protein Structures • Importance of Protein Folding • How Stuff Works

  33. Do Now • In 2 lines, explain denaturation.

  34. Enzyme Review • Activation Energy-the amount of energy needed to start the reaction. • Catalyst-reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place. • An enzyme is a biomolecule that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. • Enzymes are not consumed during a chemical reaction. • Enzymes cause reactions to speed up.

  35. Enzymes-Protein molecules that act as biological catalysts • Without enzymes, the reactions in the body would occur too slowly. • End in -ase • Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule & its specific substrate- the reactant being catalyzed. • Each enzyme produced by the body is specific—meaning it is only able to catalyze a reaction with a certain molecule. Enzymes

  36. Active Site-the part of the enzyme that has folds has a shape that allows the substrate to fit into the active site. • An enzyme acts only on a specific substrate because only that substrate fits into its active site. • A model of enzyme action is the induced fit model. Enzymes

  37. Do Now • What type of biomolecules are enzymes and what happens if their shape is changed?

  38. Tobin performed an experiment in which he mixed varying amounts of enzyme with an excess amount of a certain molecule. He measured the rate of each reaction and recorded his data in the table above. What can Tobin conclude about the relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate in the presence of excess molecules? • A. There is an inverse relationship; as the enzyme concentration increases, the reaction rate decreases. • B. There is a direct relationship; as the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases. • C. There is no relationship between the enzyme concentration and the reaction rate. • D. The experiment is invalid because it was performed in the presence of excess molecules • Answer B

  39. Lipids-large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water (can dissolve in other lipids, like oil) • Composed of a glycerol & a fatty acid. • Contain long-lasting energy • Fatty Acid- unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids • Made of many CH2 chains • Triglyceride-synonym for “fat” due to the 3 fatty acids. LipidsMonomers: Glycerol & Fatty Acids

  40. Unsaturated-fatty acids and fats with double bonds that have less than the maximum number of hydrogens. • Liquids at room temperature. • Ex. Plant fats; Corn, Olive, & other Vegetable oils • Saturated- contain carbon atoms that are each bonded to four other atoms. • Solids at room temperature • Ex. Animal fats & butter Lipids

  41. Saturated vs. Unsaturated

  42. Hydrogenated-unsaturated fats have been converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. • Trans Fats-a form of saturated fat that is associated with heart disease. • Atherosclerosis-lipid-containing deposits, called plaques, build up within the walls of blood vessels, reducing blood flow. Lipids

  43. Phospholipids-Composed of two fatty acids, a phosphate group, & glycerol. • Ex. Cell membrane-made of 2 layers of phospholipids-phospholipid bilayer • Waxes-More hydrophobic than fats • Composedof a glycerol and one fatty acid chain. Lipids

  44. Do Now • What is the distinguishing characteristic of all lipids?

  45. Steroids-lipids whose carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings • Types of Steroids: • Vitamins • Hormones • Cholesterol Lipids

  46. Cholesterol-common substance in animal cell membranes & animal cells also use it as a starting material for making other steroids, including the female and male sex hormones. • Too much cholesterol in the blood may contribute to atherosclerosis.

  47. Nucleic Acids-large, complex organic molecules that store & transfer important information in the cell. • Two types of nucleic acids: DNA & RNA • Nucleotide- monomers of nucleic acids; composed of: • nitrogenous bases.   • sugar molecules.   • phosphate groups.   Nucleic AcidsMonomers=Nucleotide

  48. NucleicAcidsMonomer=Nucleotide • DNA-contains information that determines the characteristics of an organisms & directs cell activities • RNA-stores & transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins. • Crash Course-BioChem

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