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Kingdom Fungi

This text provides an overview of the Kingdom Fungi, including their characteristics, reproduction methods, and habitat preferences. It explores the different phyla within the kingdom and their respective features. The text also highlights the importance of fungi as decomposers, parasites, and mutualistic organisms. Additionally, it covers the various ways fungi reproduce, both sexually and asexually, and the role of spores in their life cycle.

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Kingdom Fungi

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  1. Kingdom Fungi

  2. Kingdom Fungi (NOT PLANTS) Eukaryotic, absorptive Mostly multicellular (except few, e.g. yeast unicellular) Nonmotile Heterotrophic (decomposers & parasitic) Mycelium (body of hyphae) Lack true roots, stems or leaves

  3. Kingdom Fungi • Firm cell walls (generally of “chitin”-complex carbohydrate) • “Reproduce sexually and asexually • Asexually by spores • Sexually by mating of hyphae filaments • Unique chromosomes and nuclei • Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms • Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms

  4. The Characteristics of Fungi • Some are edible, while others are poisonous EDIBLE POISONOUS

  5. The Characteristics of Fungi • Some fungi are internal or external parasites • A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms Predaceous Fungi feeding on a Nematode(roundworm)

  6. The Characteristics of Fungi • Grow best in warm, moist environments • Mycology is the study of fungi • Mycologists study fungi • A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi Fungicide kills leaf fungus

  7. Body Structure • hyphae - the vegetative bodies of most fungi, constructed of tiny filaments which form mycelium • mycelium -an interwoven mat of hyphae

  8. Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species) Fungus-like protist Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Fig. 31-11 Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) ? Deuteromycota

  9. 5 Major Phyla • Chytridiomycota - uniflagellated spores (zoospores) • - link to protists? • Zygomycota = the Bread Molds • -zygosporangia • -Rhizopus – black bread mold • Phylum Ascomycota = the Sac Fungi (need to know) • -spores produced in asci (sac-like structure) • - truffle (Tuber melanosporum) • -Yeast, morels, truffles • 4. Phylum Basidiomycota = the Club Fungi • spores formed in basidiocarps • Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts, toadstools • 5. Phylum Glomeroycota – arbuscular mycorrhizae

  10. Human hair Fungal hypha

  11. Bread Mold – a Zygomycete Fungi

  12. Chytridiomycota

  13. Mushrooms – “Club Like” Fungi or Basidiomycete Fungi

  14. Cup Fungi – Ascomycete Fungi Note the cup shapes and orange peel colour

  15. Nutrition and Habitat - Decomposers/Absorptive heterotrophs - saprobic, parasitic, mutualistic

  16. REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES

  17. The Characteristics of Fungi • Produce both sexual and asexual spores • Classified by their sexual reproductive structures Spores come in various shapes

  18. The five fungal phyla can be distinguished by their reproductive features.

  19. REPRODUCTION • Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores • ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms • Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients scarce • No male or female fungi • Some fungi show dimorphism

  20. Spores • Spores are an adaptation to life on land • Ensure that the species will disperse to new locations • Each spore contains a reproductive cell that forms a new organism • Nonmotile • Dispersed by wind

  21. Sexual Reproduction

  22. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Haploid 1n hyphae from 2 mating types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization) • Forms ahyphae with 2 nuclei that becomes a ZYGOTE • The zygote divides to make a SPORE - + SPORE FORMS

  23. ASexual Reproduction

  24. Three types of Asexual Reproduction • 1. Fragmentation – part of the mycelium becomes separated & begins a life of its own • 2. Budding – a small cell forms & gets pinched off as it grows to full size • Used by yeasts • 3. Asexual spores – production of spores by a single mycelium

  25. Reproduce by spores • Spores may be Formed: • Directly on hyphae • Inside sporangia • On Fruiting bodies Penicillium hyphae Pilobolussporangia Amanita fruiting body

  26. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Fruiting Bodies are modified hyphae that make asexual spores • An upright stalk called the Sporangiosphore supports the spore case or Sporangium

  27. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sporangia • Types of Fruiting Bodies: • Basidia • Sporangia • Ascus Basidia

  28. Zygomycota (Rhizopus) the Common Molds -are primarily decomposers -asexual spores may be produced in sporangia -sexual reproduction occurs between + and – strains forming a 2n zygote; a zygospore develops and may lie dormant for a long period of time; meiosis occurs just before germination -only the zygote is diploid; all hyphae and asexual spores are haploid

  29. Zygomycota – common molds The fungal mass of hyphae, known as the MYCELIUM penetrates the bread and produces the fruiting bodies on top of the stalks Mycelia = a mass of hyphae or filaments

  30. Rhizoids = root-like hyphae The zhizoids meet underground and mating occurs between hyphae of different molds (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION)

  31. Ascomycota

  32. Division Ascomycota “Sac fungi”(truffles, yeast) Beer > 6,000 years Wine > 8,000 years Lichens Decomposers, pathogens “yeast” describes a form of fungi (i.e., non-hyphal) 60,000 species

  33. Uses of Ascomycetes • Trufflesandmorelsare good examples of edible ascomycetes • Penicillium mold makes the antibiotic penicillin. • Some ascomycetes also gives flavor to certain cheeses. • Saccharomyces cerevesiae (yeast) is used to make bread rise and to ferment beer & wine.

  34. Characteristics • Called Sac fungi • Includes Cup fungi, morels, truffles, yeasts, and mildew • May be plant parasites (Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight) • Reproduce sexually & asexually • Ascus - sac that makes ascospores in sexual reproduction • Specialized hyphae known as Ascocarps contain the asci

  35. Mycorrhizae - mutualistic associations with plant roots - increases the absorptive surface area of plant roots - exchange of minerals between plant and fungus

  36. Mycorrhizas • Fungus associated with plant roots • Mutualism between: • Fungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant) • Plant (carbohydrate for fungus) • Several kinds: • Zygomycota – hyphae invade root cells • Ascomycota & Basidiomycota – hyphae invade root but don’t penetrate cells • Extremely important ecologically

  37. Mycorrhizae The plant photosynthesizes while the fungus more efficiently takes up nutrients and water from the rhizosphere than the roots would alone. Plant benefits include: • Improved nutrient/water uptake • Improved root growth • Improved plant growth and yield • Improved disease resistance • Reduced transplant shock • Reduced drought stress

  38. Molds, Yeasts, Lichens and Mycorrhizae - represent unique lifestyles that evolved independently Molds Penicillium on an orange, soft rot of citrus. The name Penicillium comes from penicillus = brush, and this is based on the brush-like appearance of the fruiting structure under the microscope.

  39. Lichens • Mutualism between: • Fungus(structure) • Algae or cyanobacteria (provides food) • Form a thallus (body) • Foliose • Fruticose • Crustose

  40. Lichens - symbiotic association b/n fungi and algae - mutual exploitation - tough, resistant; but sensitive to air pollution

  41. Clockwise: Scarlet cup; the Yellow morel; truffels

  42. Morels are Ascomycete Fungi

  43. Yeasts - unicellular fungi that inhabit moist habitats - Saccharomyces cerevisiae - baker/brewer yeast - Candida - inhabit human epithelial tissue - AIDS patients

  44. Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus

  45. Characteristics • Yeasts reproduce asexually by budding (buds break off to make more yeast cells) • Asexual spores called conidia form on the tips of special hyphae called conidiophores CONIDIA

  46. Asomycota

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