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Infancy

Explore the physical changes infants undergo, from weight gain to brain development, and learn about teething, sleep patterns, and cognitive milestones during the crucial first year of life.

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Infancy

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  1. Infancy

  2. Physical Development: Growth and Change Height and Weight: • Infants grow at faster rate first year than at any other time • Weight doubles in first 5 months and triples by end of first year • Babies appear plump • Will lose baby fat in first year • Height is more uneven in growth than weight

  3. Growth and ChangeDevelopmental Pattern • Two key growth patterns • Cephalocaudal principle –(head to tail) growth begins with the head and then downward to the rest of the body • Proximodistal principle – growth proceeds from the middle of the body outword

  4. Teeth and Teething • First tooth appears between 5-9 months • Teething-first teeth break through skin • Symptoms include: • Saliva production • Coughing • Rash • Grabbing things to put in mouth • Relief can be found in teething ring or cold wet washcloth

  5. Brain Development • There are about 100-200 billion brain cells, or neurons, in the average infant brain • Neurons release chemicals called neurotransmitters • The axon of the neuron releases neurotransmitters and the dendrites receive them • At birth, brain is ¼ the size of adult’s brain • By age 2 it will be 70% of adult size

  6. Growth in brain due to • Exuberance-dendritic connections multiply • Myelination-axons become covered in a myelin sheath that increases the speed of communication between neurons • Synaptic pruning increases efficiency of dendritic connections

  7. Brain divided into three major regions • Hindbrain • Midbrain • Both structures mature early and perform basic biological functions (heart beating, lungs breathing and bodily movements balanced • Forebrain • Limbic system-hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus (regulating hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual desire)

  8. Cerebral Cortex - the ability to speak and understanding language, solve problems, think in terms of concepts and ideas • It is divided into left and right hemispheres: Left hemisphere is specialized for language and processing information Right hemisphere is specialized for spatial reasoning, logic

  9. Sleep Changes • Neonates sleep 16-17 hours • 3-4 Months sleep 6-7 hours at night • Early infancy is highest risk period for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) • Leading cause of death for infants 1-12 months in developed countries • Poorer prenatal care could be a factor

  10. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome • Risk factors: • Sleeping on stomach instead of back • Low birth weight and APGAR score • Smoking • Soft bedding • Campaign to reduce SIDS includes a Back to sleep campaign • Campaign has caused reduction of SIDS worldwide

  11. Co-Sleeping: • Authorities in US warn against co-sleeping • Why might this be? • Developing countries view it as normal • Believed to protect infants and to make breast feeding easier.

  12. Nutritional Needs • Infants need a high fat diet which breast milk provides • About 6 months may introduce solid foods • Cultural variations in food introduced • West-rice cereal • Traditional cultures-mashed, pre-chewed, pureed

  13. Malnutrition during this time can be severe and lasting • Can be caused by inability of mother to breastfeed • Can cause marasmus- wasting away of body tissue due to lack of nutrients.

  14. Infant Mortality Top sources of infant mortality include • Malnutrition • Malaria • Diarrhea • Vaccinations have been beneficial

  15. Physical DevelopmentMotor and Sensory Development • Gross motor development includes whole body movements like crawling, walking, climbing… • Children tend to develop gross motor skills in sequence • Sequence has genetic beginnings with environmental influences

  16. Cultural practices emphasize the role of environment on gross motor skills • Swaddling is common practice which can be restrictive to infants • Other cultures encourage gross motor skills

  17. Fine motor skills Fine motor skills are the more precise motor abilities • Major accomplishments include reaching and grasping • By 9-12 mos., learn pincer grasp that allows feeding of themselves

  18. Motor and Sensory Development • Depth perception is influenced by development of binocular vision( the ability to combine the images of each eye into one image) at 2-3 months of age • Intermodal perception • One-month-olds match things in mouth to things they touch • By eight months can match unfamiliar faces with correct voice and gender. Intermodal perception helps infants learn about their physical and social world.

  19. http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/hss_arnett_humandevelopment_1/QRvideo/CH4FineMotorSkillsV9.m4v (infant fine motor development across cultures)

  20. Cognitive Development

  21. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • Substage 1(0-1 month): cognitive activity is based on Simple reflexes (sucking, rooting, grasping. These are type of scheme • Substage 2(1-4 months): First habits & primary circular reactions (repetitive behavior – ex. sucking fingers)

  22. Substage 3 (4-8 months): Secondary circular reactions – repeats behavior intentionally when finds cause and effect • Substage 4 (8-12 months): Coordination of secondary schemes – goal directed actions (ex. moving object out of way to reach another object) • Sensorimotor Substages:

  23. Object Permanence • Under 4 months no understanding • 4-8 months-uncertainty about existence of object when dropped (babies look only briefly) • 8-12 months-Developing awareness Will still make A not B errorhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhHkJ3InQOE http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/hss_arnett_humandevelopment_1/QRvideo/CH4ObjectPermanenceV2.m4v

  24. Information Processing in Infancy • Information processing model views cognitive changes as continuous. • Human thinking divided into capacities for attention, processing and memory.

  25. Attention • Attention studied using habituation and dishabituation • Habituation-gradual decrease in attention (example a toy that is presented over and over again.) • Dishabituation-revival of attention with a new stimulus (Pay more attention to a new stimuli.)

  26. Infants become better at perceiving and processing stimuli • End of first year- joint attention highlights social attention (social interaction between infants and others)

  27. Memory • Short Term memory improves during first year of life • Object permanence tasks show infants can remember more locations of hidden objects • Long Term memory increases as well • Difference between recognition memory and recall memory

  28. Assessing Infant Development • Arnold Gesell – four subscale assessment tool that assess infant development • Motor skills • Language Use • Adaptive behavior • Personal-Social behavior • Development Quotient (DQ)

  29. Nancy Bayley produced a contemporary measure of infant development • 3 main scales: • Cognitive • Language • Motor • Not predictive of later IQ, but can be used as a screening tool

  30. Media Stimulation • Mozart” effect led to creation of educational videos and DVDs • Most studies have not supported the effectiveness of education CDs and videos • Effective ways to encourage cognitive interaction includes talking, reading, responding and patience

  31. Language Development

  32. Many cultures use infant-directed speech to speak to infants • Higher Pitch with simplified grammar • Exaggerated intonation and phrases repeated • Infants seem to prefer this speech and is common in many cultures

  33. Emotional and Social Development

  34. Temperament • Temperament-innate tendencies that are the raw material of personality • Composed of activity level, adaptability, intensity of reactions and quality of mood Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess proposed classified temperaments as: • Easy – positive, adapt easily to a new environment • Difficult – negative mood, hard adaptation • Slow to warm up – adaptation is slow • Goodness-of-fit concept – children develop best if there is a good fit between the temperament of the child and environmental demands

  35. Infant Emotions • Primary emotions are basic emotions we share with other animals. • Secondary emotions develop later and are called socio-moral emotions (embarrassment, shame and guilt) • Primary emotions- distress, interest and pleasure in first weeks of life • Becomes anger, sadness, fear, surprise and happiness

  36. Anger as being separate from crying occurs by 7 months of age • Sadness is rare unless mothers are depressed • Fear- by 6 months of age • Fear seems to occur with stranger anxiety • Surprise -about 6 months of age • Happiness-2 to 3 months

  37. Social Development: Two Theories • Erik Erikson – trust vs. mistrust • Bowlby’s Attachment Theory- believed if the primary caregiver is sensitive and responsive in caring for the infant, the infant will learn to trust others • http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/hss_arnett_humandevelopment_1/QRvideo/socialreferencing.m4v

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