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Are there Planets outside the Solar System ?

Explore the discovery and characteristics of planets outside our solar system, including their masses, orbits, and unique features. Learn about the stability of these systems and the potential for habitable zones.

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Are there Planets outside the Solar System ?

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  1. Are there Planets outside the Solar System ? • First answer : 1992 Discovery of the first Extra-Solar Planet around the pulsar PSR1257+12 (Wolszczan &Frail) • Are there Planets moving around other Sun-like stars ?

  2. The EXO Planet:51 Peg b • Mass: M sin i = 0.468 m_Jup • semi-major axis: a = 0.052 AU • period: p = 4.23 days • eccentricity: e = 0 • a of Mercury: 0.387 AU Discovered by: Michel Mayor Didier Queloz

  3. Status of Observations • 292 Extra-solar planetary systems • 337 Planets near other solar-type stars • 33 Mulitple planetary systems • 43 Planets in binaries

  4. Multi-planetary systems • Binaries • Single Star and Single Planetary Systems

  5. Interesting Questions • How frequent are other planetary systems ? • Are they like our Solar System (no. of planets, masses, radii, albedos, orbital paramenters , …. ) • What type of environments do they have? (atmospheres, magnetosphere, rings, … ) • How do they form and evolve ? • How do these features depend on the type of the central star (mass, chemical composition, age, binarity, … ) ?

  6. 55 Cancri 5 Planeten bei 55 Cnc: 55Cnc d -- the only known Jupiter-like planet in Jupiter-distance Binary: a_binary= 1000 AU

  7. Extra-solare Planeten ca. 130 Planeten entdeckt massereich (~Mjup) enge Umlaufbahnen Radialgeschwindigkeits- messungen

  8. Mass distribution

  9. Facts about Extra-Solar Planetary Systems: • Only 28% of the detected planets have masses < 1 Jupitermass • About 33% of the planets are closer to the host-star than Mercury to the Sun • Nearly 60% have eccentricities > 0.2 • And even 40% have eccentricities > 0.3

  10. Distribution of the detected Extra-Solar Planets Mercury Earth Mars Venus Jupiter

  11. M K Lifetime G A F Temperature Target Stars for Darwin/TPF 10 pc 315 stars

  12. Sources of uncertainty in parameter fits: • the unknown value of the orbital line-of-sight inclination i allows us to determine from radial velocities measurements only the lower limit of planetary masses; • the relative inclination irbetween planetary orbital planes is usually unknown. • In most of the mulitple-planet systems, the strong dynamical interactions between planets makes planetary orbital parameters found – using standard two-body keplerian fits – unreliable (cf. Eric Bois) All these leave us a substantial available parameter space to be explored in order to exclude the initial conditions which lead to dynamically unstable configurations

  13. Major catastrophe in less than 100000 years (S. Ferraz-Mello, 2004)

  14. Numerical Methods Chaos Indicators: Fast Lyapunov Indicator (FLI) C. Froeschle,R.Gonczi, E. Lega (1996) MEGNO RLI Helicity Angle LCE • Long-term numerical integration: • Stability-Criterion: • No close encounters within theHill‘ sphere • (i)Escape time • (ii) Study of the eccentricity:maximum eccentricity

  15. Multi-planetary systems • Binaries • Single Star and Single Planetary Systems

  16. OGLE 06-109L Planet b: (0.71 +/-0.08 MJ) a=2.3 +/-0.2 AU e= ? P = 1825 (+/- 365) d Planet c: (0.27 +/- 0.03 MJ) a = 4.6 (+/-0.5) AU e = 0.11 i = 59 deg P = 5100 (+/-730) d

  17. www.univie.ac.at/adg/exostab/ • ExoStab • appropriate for single-star single-planet system • Stability of an additional planet • Stability of the habitable zone (HZ) • Stability of an additional planet with repect to the HZ

  18. Results of the Exocatalogue (Sandor et al., 2007)

  19. The EXOCATALOGUE: http://www.univie.ac.at/adg/ Details: Sándor, Zs., Süli, A., Érdi, B., Pilat-Lohinger, E. and Dvorak, R.: "A Stability Catalogue of the Habitable zones in Extrasolar Planetary Systems", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), 2006

  20. Habitable Zone • Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet • This zone depends on: • the spectraltype , the mass , the age, …. of the star • the orbit of the planet • the mass, the composition, the atmosphere , ……of the planet • the parameters of other planets in this system (mass, orbit, …)

  21. Size of the habitable zone of a planetary system based onthe definition given by Kasting et al. (1993).

  22. Types of Habitable Zones: • Hot-Jupiter type • (2) Solar system type • (3)+(4) giant planet type: habitable moon • or trojan planet

  23. Stability maps Inner region (Solar system type) Outer region (Hot-Jupiter-type)

  24. Computations distance star-planet: 1 AU variation of - a_tp:[0.1,0.9] [1.1,4] AU - e_gp: 0 – 0.5 - M_gp: 0 and 180 deg - M_tp: [0, 315] deg Dynamical model: restricted 3 body problem • Methods: • Chaos Indicator: • - FLI (Fast Lyapunov) • - RLI (Relative Lyapunov) • (ii) Long-term computations • - e-max

  25. ANIMATION

  26. How to use the catalogue HD114729: m_p=0.82 [Mjup] (0.93 [Msun])a_p= 2.08 AU e_p=0.31 m=0.001 HZ: 0.7 – 1.3 AU

  27. m = 0.005 HD10697: m_p= 6.12 [Mjup] (1.15 Msun) a_p = 2.13 AU e_p = 0.11 HZ: 0.85 – 1.65 AU

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