Post-1960s American Archaeology

1. Post-1960s American Archaeology Large-scale CRM projects Environmental Archaeology Experimental Archaeology

2. Large-scale CRM projects • Legislation spawned a great deal of archaeological projects. • National Historic Preservation Act 1966 • Reservoir Salvage Act 1974 • There were large projects pre-1960s, but not with the ideas of “New” Archaeology to aid research design.

3. Lower Verde Archaeological Project • Lower Verde Archaeological Project (LVAP) was conducted as part of the Safety of Dams Program associated with the Central Arizona Project • Archaeological investigations at 26 presumed small habitation, agricultural, and resource-procurement sites in the Horseshoe Reservoir and Bartlett Lake areas in the lower Verde River valley. • Previous research inventoried cultural resources in areas to be inundated when proposed dams along the Verde River were built. • A project conducted by Statistical Research, Inc. (SRI) would be the first large-scale excavation effort in the region. • It allowed the researchers to study “relationships among the cultures of the lower Verde valley, other regions of central Arizona, and the Phoenix Basin; distinguishing Yavapai and Apache peoples in the archaeological record; and investigating agricultural methods, productivity, and carrying capacity”. http://www.sricrm.com/projects/lvap.html

4. Lower Verde Arch Project: Excavations at Scorpion Village http://www.sricrm.com/projects/lvap.html

5. Koster Archaeological site • Between 1969 and 1978, archaeologists from Northwestern University excavated an extraordinary site on Theodore and Mary Koster's farm. • Taught as a field school, work at Koster is responsible for training many North American Archaeologists. http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/a_sites.html

6. Koster, Continued • Artifacts from one of the deepest levels of the excavation (circa 8,500 years ago) document the beginnings of a more settled Archaic way of life. • Many important discoveries were made here, including some of the oldest evidence of the use of ground stone for food preparation, the establishment of a cemetery for deceased members of the community, and the presence of domesticated dogs. http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/a_sites.html

7. Aerial overview of Koster site excavation in Greene County http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/a_sites.html

8. Dolores Archaeological Project • Research was conducted prior to the McPhee Dam and Reservoir project, which included the Dolores Archaeological Program (DAP), the largest single archaeological project in the history of the United States. • Between 1978 and 1984 researchers mapped about 1600 archaeological sites- including hunting camps, shrines, granaries, households and villages- along the Dolores River in the reservoir area, and excavated about 120 sites to salvage their information value. http://www.co.blm.gov/ahc/museum.htm

9. Dolores River Valley http://www.co.blm.gov/ahc/museum.htm

10. Tennessee Valley Authority • TVA has been improving the quality of life in the Tennessee Valley through its threefold mission of providing affordable and reliable power, promoting sustainable economic development, and acting as a steward of the Valley's natural resources. • Welcome to the TVA web site, where you’ll find information about the many ways in which TVA fulfills these responsibilities. We hope you find the site informative. http://www.tva.gov/

11. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) • Normandy Lake Third Report of the Normandy Archaeological Project, edited by M.C.R. McCollough and C. H. Faulkner (1976). Sixth Report of the Normandy Archaeological Project, edited by M.C.R. McCollough and C. H. Faulkner (1978). Seventh Report of the Normandy Archaeological Project, edited by C. H. Faulkner and M.C.R. McCollough (1982). Eighth Report of the Normandy Archaeological Project, by C. H. Faulkner and M.C.R. McCollough (1982). A Survey of Traditional Architecture and Related Material Folk Culture Patterns in the Normandy Reservoir, by N. F. Riedl, D. B. Ball, and A. P. Cavender (1976). • Bear Creek Watershed Archaeological Investigations in the Little Bear Creek Reservoir, by C. B. Oakley and E. M. Futato (1975). Archaeological Investigations in the Cedar Creek and Upper Bear Creek Reservoirs, by E. M. Futato. An Above-Pool Survey of Cultural Resources Within the Little Bear Creek Reservoir Area, Franklin County, Ala., by Charles H. McNutt and Guy G. Weaver (1985). Historical Archaeological Investigations in Cedar Creek Reservoir, Franklin County, Ala., by Beverly E. Bastian. • Bellefonte Nuclear Plant The Bellefonte Site lJA300, by E. M. Futato (1977). • Watts Bar Excavations at 40RH6, Watts Bar Area, by F. A. Calabrese (1976). Excavations of the Leuty and McDonald Site Mounds in the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant Area, by G. F. Schroedl (1978). Archaeological Research at 40RE107, 40 RE108, and 40RE124, by G. F. Schroedl (1990). http://www.tva.gov/

12. TVA, con’d • Tellico Lake The Bacon Farm Site and a Buried Site Reconnaissance, by J. Chapman (1978). The Patrick Site (40MR40), by G. F. Schroedl (1978). Archaeological Investigations of the Tellico Blockhouse Site, a Federal Military and Trade Complex, by R. Polhemus. The Howard and Calloway Island Sites, by J. Chapman. Excavations at Tomotley, 1973-74, and the Tuskegee Area, by A. K. Guthe and E. M. Bistline (1981). The Bacon Bend and Iddins Sites, by J. Chapman (1981). The Icehouse Bottom Site (1977), by P. A. Cridlebaugh. Tomotley: An 18th Century Cherokee Village, by W. W. Baden. Archaeological Investigations at the 18th Century Overhill Cherokee Town of Mialoquo, by K. C. Russ and V. Chapman. Archaeological Contexts and Assemblages at Martin Farm, by G. F. Schroedl, R.P. Stephen Davis Jr., and C. C. Boyd Jr. The 1977 Archaeological Survey: An Overall Assessment of the Archaeological Resources of Tellico Reservoir, edited by L. R. Kimball. Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, by G. F. Schroedl. The Toqua Site: A Late Mississippian Dallas Phase Town, by Richard Polhemus (1987). Two-volume set. Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Little Tennessee River Valley, by RP Stephen Davis Jr. (1990). • Yellow Creek Nuclear Plant Yellow Creek Archaeological Project - Volume 1, by R. M. Thorne and B. J. Broyles (1981). Yellow Creek Archaeological Project - Volume 2, by R. M. Thorne, B. J. Broyles, and J. K. Johnson (1981). • Phipps Bend Nuclear Plant The Phipps Bend Archaeological Project, by R. H. Lafferty III (1981). • Hartsville Nuclear Plant. The Duncan Tract Site, by C. H. McNutt and G. G. Weaver. Three Archaeological Sites Near Hartsville, by C. H. McNutt & L. C. Lumb. • Murphy Hill The Murphy Hill Site, by G. G. Cole.

13. Environmental Archaeology • Environmental archaeology is the study of past human interactions with the natural world-a world that encompasses plants, animals, and landscape. • Environmental archaeology researchers attempt to reconstruct not only the ancient environments associated with archaeological sites, but also the use of those environments by people, the impact people had on the world around them, and the way ancient peoples perceived their surroundings and the plants and animals on which they relied. • Environmental archaeology is traditionally divided into three subfields, including zooarchaeology (the study of animal remains), archaeobotany (the study of plant remains) and geoarchaeology (the study of the abiotic landscape). http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/envarch/whatisenvarch.htm

14. Subsistence • Zooarchaeology • Paleoethnobotany • Geoarchaeology

15. Zooarchaeology Clam-Incremental Growth Structures Fish Skeleton Pineland archeaological site, Charlotte Harbor, FL http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/envarch/images_EAI.htm

16. Paleoethnobotany http://web.arizona.edu/~scarp/analyses/paleobot/

17. Geoarchaeology Rodent Burrow Microscopic sand grains Soil Profile, Fl http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/envarch/images_EAK.htm

18. Experimental Archaeology • Experimental archaeology can be divided into several categories • Replication of recovered artifacts or known activities • Testing methodologies/hypotheses. • Contextual studies/change in sites over time. • Ethnoarchaeology/studying modern culture to investigate arch phenomena. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/archaeology/experimental_archaeology.html

19. Replication of Artifacts • Stone Tools • Bone Tools • Pottery, metals, etc.

20. Stone Tools A ground stone axe was replicated and then used for chopping down trees Francois Bordes http://www.hf.uio.no/iakh/forskning/sarc/iakh/lithic/EXPARCH/chop.html#anchor304394

21. Stone Age Institute • http://www.stoneageinstitute.org/c_research.shtml#ExperActual

22. Butchering Studies • Using reconstructed stone tools. • Observing durability of tools, cut marks, time, choices. http://www.pastperfect.info/archaeology/experimental.html

23. Other reconstructive projects • http://www.archaeology.org/interactive/tiwanaku/project/experiment.html • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/archaeologylj/experimental_01.shtml

24. Ethnoarchaeology • Agta Foragers http://www.picturesofrecord.com/Agta%20Foragers016.htm