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Chapter 9-3. The Growth of European Kingdoms. Objectives. Explain England and France in the High Ages List important English and French Rulers Analyze the impact of the Magna Carta and changes in government. England in the High Middle Ages. Angles and Saxons invaded in the fifth century.
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Chapter 9-3 The Growth of European Kingdoms
Objectives • Explain England and France in the High Ages • List important English and French Rulers • Analyze the impact of the Magna Carta and changes in government
England in the High Middle Ages • Angles and Saxons invaded in the fifth century. • King Alfred the Great united kingdoms of England in the 9th century, and since then England has been ruled by Anglo-Saxon kings.
The Norman Conquest • October 14,1066: an army of heavily armed knights led by William of Normandy land on the coast of England and defeat King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. • William then crowned King of England • Norman knights received fiefs and swore an oath of loyalty to King William. • Norman ruling class spoke French, but marriage to Anglo-Saxon created new English culture. • Normans took over society, did the Domesday book. • Census was taken for the first time since the Romans, and a system of more complete taxation developed.
Henry II • Power of the English monarchy was enlarged during the reign of Henry II (1154-1189) • Increased the number of criminal cases and property cases tried in the Kings court. • By expanding power to the royal court, he expanded the Kings power. • Under Henry, royal courts were found throughout England, a body of common law began to replace law codes that varied from state to state.
Henry wanted to punish clergy in royal courts. • Thomas à Becket, archbishop of Canterbury and the highest ranking English cleric said only the church could try clerics. • Henry publicly expressed the desire to be rid of Becket (“Who will rid me of this priest?”) • Four knights murdered Becket, which outraged the public and Henry stopped his attack on the church.
The Magna Carta and the First Parliament • Many nobles resented the growth of the kings power and rose in rebellion under King John. • At Runnymede in 1215, John was forced to put his seal on a document of rights called the Magna Carta. • Magna Carta stressed the king/vassal relationship of mutual respect. • This document would later be used to back the idea that a monarchs power was limited, not absolute.
Under Edward I in the 13th century, representative government, called Parliament, emerged. • Parliament was made up of two knights from every county, two people from every town and all the nobles and bishops. • Eventually, nobles and church found the House of Lords and townspeople the House of Commons. • The Parliament granted taxes and passed laws.
The French Kingdom • In 843, the Carolingian Empire was divided into three major sections (east, west, and middle) • Western Frankish lands would form the Kingdom of France. • 987: Last Carolingian king dies, and the nobles chose Hugh Capet as king, establishing the Capetian dynasty. • The Capetians had the title, but little power. • The area that they controlled only included Paris, known then as the Île-de-France and many dukes were more powerful then the Kings.
Reign of Philip II August from 1180-1223 saw monarchs gain power. • Waged successful war against England, who ruled French territories. • Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine. • After Philip II, land acquisition was a common theme. • Louis IX: fair king, very religious. • Philip IV: called Philip the Fair, strengthened monarchy, established beaucracy, created a French parliament called Estates-General. • 1302- First meeting of the estates-general.
Objectives: • Explain the Holy Roman Empire • List the people of Central and Eastern Europe • Identify important Russian Leaders
Holy Roman Empire • Eastern Frankish lands came to be known as Germany. • Best known Saxon King of German- Otto I. • In return for protecting the Pope, Otto was crowned Roman Emperor in 962. • This title was not used since Charlemagne.
Struggles in Italy • As emperors, German kings attempted to rule both German and Italian lands. • Frederick I and Frederick II neglect German lands and focus on Italy. • Frederick I planned to get most of the empires money from Italy, considering it the center of a “holy empire”, which is where we get the name Holy Roman Empire. • Frederick I attempted to conquer northern Italy led to conflict with the pope and the people of Northern Italy. • Pope feared losing the papal states, people were use to independence. He was defeated in 1176 by an alliance between the pope and Italians • Frederick II wanted a centralized state in Italy, he was faced with the same problems and had the same fate as Frederick I.
Effect on the Empire • Due to the time spent in Italy, German emperors left Germany in the hands of powerful lords and could not regain power. • Nobles ignored the emperors and created their own kingdoms. • In the end, the German Holy Roman Emperors had no control over Germany or Italy. • Unlike France and England, neither Germany or Italy created a national monarchy in the middle ages, but focused on small, independent states. • These states did not become unified until the 19th century.
Central and Eastern Europe • Slavic people divide into western, southern, and eastern Slavs. • Western: form Polish and Bohemian kingdoms. • German monks had converted the Czechs in Bohemia and the Slavs in Poland to Christianity by the 10th century. • Non-Slavic kingdom of Hungary also converted. • Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians all accepted Christianity and became a part of the Roman Catholic Church and its Latin culture.
Eastern Slavic people of Moravia were converted to Orthodox Christianity. • Cyril and Methodius, two brothers who were Byzantine missionaries began converting in 863. • The southern Slavic people included the Serbs and Bulgarians, and they too embraces Eastern Orthodoxy. • The Croats, another group, followed the Roman Catholic Church. • Cultural life of the southern and eastern Slavic people were linked to the Byzantine states.
Development of Russia • Eastern Slavic people settled in territories of present-day Ukraine and Russia, and they encountered Swedish Vikings, which the natives called Rus. • This is where the name Russia is devised. • Oleg, a Viking leader, settled in Kiev in the 10th century and created a Rus state. • His successors extended control over the eastern Slavs, married Slavic women, and culture assimilated. • Growth of Kiev attracted Byzantine missionaries. • Vladimir, a Rus ruler, married the Byzantine emperors sister and made the state religion Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 988.
Mongol Rule • By the 13th century, the Mongols conquered Russia. • Occupied lands, required Russian princes to pay tribute to them. • Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod, defeated the German invading army in northwestern Russia in 1242. • The khan, leader of the western Mongol empire, rewarded Nevsky with the title grand-prince. • His descendents would become princes of Moscow and eventually the leaders of Russia.
Homework • Page 301 1,2,4-6 • Study for Quiz!