Warm up

1. Warm up • Are genetically modified foods bad? Be ready to defend your position.

2. Unit 8 Part 2 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC APPLICATIONS

3. For thousands of years new varieties of cultivated plants and domestic animals have resulted from SELECTIVE BREEDING for particular traits. Desired Traits • In Selective Breeding, only organisms with ____________________ ____________________ are bred • The purpose is to increase ________________upgrade _________________, __________________ disease • Selective breeding is also called ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, • because humans artificially select the plant or animals • that are going to breed and flourish, • according to what we want from them • Select the plants/animals with the best characteristics • Breed them with each other • Select the best of the offspring, breed again • CROSS BREEDING _____________________________ • (HYBRIDIZATION) • _______________________________________  ________ ____________ • Selective Breeding is used in many areas of modern farming to obtains: • Better beef – taste, texture • Better milk – breed milking cows to increase yield and resistance to disease • Better chickens – improve eggs size and number of eggs • Better wheat – better yields and disease-resistance • Bigger, better and more colorful flowers • INBREEDING is used to : • ____________________________________________________ • Farmers use ____________________ _____________________ • to produce more of the same type of a desired crop • The main draw back is a reduction in the gene pool • this can cause serious problems if a new disease appears, as all the plants or animals could be wiped out. • Selective Breeding in Pedigree Dogs causes bad health Yield Quality, Decrease An attempt to improve the organism Select two different parents Obtain a new (better) mix HYBRID VIGOR Can be accelerated by using artificial insemination of livestock MAINTAIN desired characteristics Vegetative propagation Newest technique: Plant tissue cultures Less variety! • increased genetic disorders • Loss of immune function

5. Despite their remarkable dissimilarity to each other, broccoli, kohlrabi, black mustard, brussel sprouts, and swedish turnips were all bred from the same wild ancestral species, Brassica Oleracea– each over the course of mere thousands of years If a single day represented the time the earth has been around ( 4.5 billion years) each second would be more than 52,000 years Carrot Purple Haze (100 seeds approx) 70 days. Here is the first-ever hybrid purple Carrot - a return to when wild carrots were naturally purple. Very vigorous and easy to grow, this delicious vegetable will be the centerpiece of your garden and the talk of the neighborhood! Purple Haze is a Nantes-type carrot, with strong growth and a delectable... Human beings have similarly produced all sorts of genetic monstrosities (?) through artificial selection– cows with udders bulging with gallons of surplus milk, dogs that can fit inside designer purses, bananas with easily transplantable parts, seedless watermelons, 300-kg pumpkins, purple carrots, and much, much more.

6. The loss of genetic seed diversity facing us today may lead to a catastrophe far beyond our imagining. The Irish potato famine, which led to the death or displacement of two and a half million people in the 1840s, is an example of what can happen when farmers rely on only a few plant species as crop cornerstones. One blight wiped out the single potato type that came from deep in the Andes mountains; it did not have the necessary resistance. If the Irish had planted different varieties of potatoes, one type would have most likely resisted the blight

7. STEM CELLS are undifferentiated or blank cells that have not yet fully specialized. They are like a blank microchip that can be programmed to perform particular tasks They have the ability to undergo mitotic cell division and differentiate into a wide range of specialized cell types. Types of stem cells: Embryonic stem cells (Pluripotent) isolated from blastocysts. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more than 200 cell types of the adult body when given necessary stimulation. Adult /tissue-specific stem cells (Multipotent) Can only form a limited number of cells types . Act as a repair system for the body by replenishing specialized cells. Maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs such as blood, skin or intestinal tissue The UMBILICAL CORDof a newborn baby is also a source of blood stem cells 3. Replacing diseased cells with healthy cells, a process called cell therapy, is a promising use of stem cells in the treatment of disease. Blood Cells to treat LEUKEMIA • Nerve Cells • to treat • Parkinson’s Disease • Spinal Cord Injuries • Muscle cells to treat • Muscular Dystrophy

8. Selective Breeding Artificial Selection: Cross Breeding: Inbreeding: Plant processes: • Vegetative Propagation • Plant tissue cultures Advantages / Disadvantages

9. STEM CELLS TYPES: Use:

10. Warm up (4/23) • Why are people interested in stem cells?

11. 10. CLONING CREATES A COPY OF LIVING MATTER Identical DNA The clones, or copies have ____________________________________ Practical applications in: Agricultural uses, future biotransplantation STEPS TO PRODUCE A CLONE: egg Nucleus Obtain an ___________________________, remove the ________________________ Remove the __________________ from a cell of the ____________________________ Put the _____________________ in to the ___________________________________ All the _________________________________________________________________ An ________________________ Implant in to a _______________________________ who carries to term and delivers Nucleus Donor (thing getting cloned) Donor nucleus Denucleated Egg cell DNA is from the donor Electric shock fuses cells foster mother

12. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES: Dna PROFILING USING GEL ELCTROPHOREISIS Used for: PROCESS: Use of ___________________________ to separate segments of DNA based on _____________ DNA is cut in to fragments using ________________________ ___________________________ The segments are placed in to wells that have been cut in to a large gel Electric Field size Restriction Enzymes 3. Turn on the electricity 4. The segments migrate through the gel from the – side to the + side. The smallest molecules move the farthest Video 5. Produces a fingerprint

13. Crown Jewels • In your groups try to identify the criminal using gel electrophoresis • (cut in the appropriate spots for each DNA, and run the gel electrophoresis)

14. Warm up 4/26 • What biotechnology tool could we use in a Criminal Investigation? Also, did you hand in your warm-ups from last week???

15. Warm up 4/27 • What is one positive and one negative thing about Genetically Modifying foods?

16. 4. Genetic engineering is the alteration of genetic code by artificial means, and is therefore different from traditional selective breeding.  • Allows for: • Producing proteins • Transferring new genes in to organisms Examples include: ___________________ ______________ Monsanto’s triple-stack corn Golden rice • Insertion of human genes into sheep so that they secrete alpha-1 antitrypsin in their milk – a substance used to treat lung disease • Genetic engineering has created a goat with spider genes that creates "silk" in its milk • Insertion of human genes into bacteria to produce insulin • Tomatoes are sensitive to frost. This shortens their growing season. Fish, on the other hand, survive in very cold water. Scientists identified a particular gene which enables a flounder to resist cold and used the technology of genetic engineering to insert this 'anti-freeze' gene into a tomato. This makes it possible to extend the growing season of the tomato. • Taking the gene that programs poison in the tail of a scorpion, and combining it with a cabbage.  These genetically modified cabbages kill caterpillars because they have learned to grow scorpion poison (insecticide) in their sap Transgenic organisms contain genetic material from another organism Genetic engineering works because there is one language of life:  human genes work in bacteria, monkey genes work in mice and earthworms. Tree genes work in bananas and frog genes work in rice. There is no limit in theory to the potential of genetic engineering. Molecular biologists have discovered many enzymes which change the structure of DNA in living organisms. Some of these enzymes can cut and join strands of DNA. Using such enzymes, scientists learned to cut specific genes from DNA and to build customized DNA using these genes.

17. 5. Recombinant DNA can turn bacterial cells in to a protein factory! • Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA. • The gene of interest can be “cut out” of a human cell. • Bacterial cells contain special rings of DNA called plasmids. • The same restriction enzyme is used to cut open the plasmid. • The gene of interest is inserted in to the plasmid • THIS RECOMBINANT DNA CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL FROM 2 DIFFERENT SOURCES • The plasmid is inserted in to another bacterial cell. • The bacterial cell is allowed to reproduce • The new bacterial cells will produce the proteins These ___________________ ________________________ become protein factories! Used to produce: ______________________ for diabetics _______________ __________________ Factors for hemophilia Transgenic Bacteria TRANSFORMATION: DNA from an outside source becomes part of a cell Insulin Growth Hormone • THESE BACTERIAL PLASMIDS ARE KNOWN AS VECTORS THEY CAN CARRY DNA FROM ONE SPECIES TO ANOTHER

18. 6. TRANSGENIC PLANTS Genetic material • Transgenic plants possess ________________________________that has been transferred from a different ______________. Although DNA of another species can be integrated in a plant genome by natural processes, the term "transgenic plants" refers to plants created in a laboratory using recombinant DNAtechnology. The aim is to design plants with specific characteristics by artificial insertion of genes from other species or sometimes entirely different kingdoms species - Constant exposure to a toxin creates evolutionary pressure for pests resistant to that toxin. Already, a Diamondback moth population is known to have acquired resistance to Bt in spray form (i.e., not engineered) when used in organic agriculture.[ Spores and crystalline insecticidal proteins produced by B. thuringiensis have been used to control insect pests since the 1920s • A 2007 Study by Greenpeace • Suggested the possibility of a slight but statistically meaniningful risk of liver damage in rats 7. PRODUCTION OF A TRANSGENIC PLANT The Belgian company Plant Genetic Systems was the first company (in 1985) to develop genetically engineered (tobacco) plants with insect tolerance by expressing cry genes from B. thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis, commonly known as Bt, is a bacterium found in soil. Some strains produce proteins that kill insects. Today, genetically engineered plants produce their own Bt “killer” protein. This has been effective against the European corn borer, a major pest of North American corn. This has eliminated the need to spray pesticides. There is clear evidence from laboratory settings that Bt toxins can affect non-target organisms. Usually, butnot always, affected organisms are closely related to intended targets [. Lovei and Arpaia 2005 and Hilbeck and Schmidt 2006]. Typically, exposure occurs through the consumption of plant parts such as pollen or plant debris, or through Bt ingested by their predatory food choices. Nevertheless, due to significant data gaps, the real-world consequences of Bt transgenics remains unclear + Insecticide use on cotton and corn is less, better for the environment + The toxin expression is contained within the plant system so only those insects that feed on the crop perish

19. 8. GENETICALLY ENGINEERED FOODS ARE ON THE SHELVES TODAY! What Are Genetically Engineered Foods? Genetically engineered foods are produced from crops whose genetic makeup has been altered, to give the plant a desirable trait. Genetically engineered foods are also known as biotech, bioengineered, and genetically modified. The first genetically engineered whole product--a tomato--went on the market in 1994. The FDA determined that the new tomato, which could be shipped vine-ripened without rotting rapidly, was as safe as other commercial tomatoes Other GE food products include: canola oil, corn, potatoes, soybeans, squash, sugar beets, corn Four objectives in crop plant genetic engineering research. • To improve biological protection of crops against insects, weeds and fungi by inserting genes for the natural production of an insecticide (Feder, 1996) or for resistance to fungi or an herbicide (Hinchee et al, 1988). 2. To elevate levels of important nutrients so as to make crops more nutritious. 3. To obtain better control of ripening and post-harvest storage life to assure that produce are in peak condition when taken to market (Maryanski, 1995). 4. To specifically modify genomes to produce a specific product (edible vaccines in potatoes - Pollack, 2000). http://yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/7/00.07.02.x.html 9. There may be problems associated with Genetically modified foods That new products will cause allergic reactions in people To boost the methionine levels in soybeans, a gene from Brazil nuts was introduced into a soybean. (Sometimes the introduction of a new gene leads to the production of a new protein.) In this case the new protein caused a “life-threatening allergic reaction in people” ___ 2. That the Bt insecticide produced in plant tissue will poison people eating the plant. ___ 3. That crops, especially fruits, produced using genetic engineering will taste bad. __ _4. That GMOs will have an adverse effect on wild plants and animals. __ _5. That genetically engineered crops will have an adverse effect on natural ecosystems. ___ 6. That the viral and bacterial vector and activator genes used may be recombined in the wild and form some deadly new pathogens.

20. BIOTECHNOLOGY GENETIC ENGINEERING TRANSGENIC ORGANISM: Examples: Recombinant DNA: Step wise procedure: Used to produce: Transgenic Plants: GM foods:

21. Warm-up 4/28 • A tomato plant that produces a fish protein so it can grow in the cold is an example of a(n): • A) A franken-food • B) Transgenic organism • C) Cloning • D) DNA profiling