World War I and Russian Revolution

1. World War I and Russian Revolution Unit 5, Standards 10.5 and 10.6

2. Long-Term Causes of WWI • Political and economic rivalries • Decline of the Ottoman Empire • Ethnic and ideological conflicts • Domestic discontent and disorder • Nationalism • Propaganda • Alliance System

3. Immediate Cause of WWI • Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina • Serb (Slavic) nationalism • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand • Russian mobilization • German invasion of Belgium

4. Immediate Effects of WWI • Enormous loss in lives and property • Total War • Revolution in Russia • Creation of new nation states in Eastern Europe • German war reparations • German loss of overseas colonies • Balfour Declaration • League of Nations • Mandate System

5. Long-Term Effects of WWI • Economic impact of war debts on Europe • Stronger central governments • Emergence of the United States and Japan as important powers • Growth of nationalism in colonies • Rise of fascism • Increased anti-Semitism in Germany • World War II

8. Schlieffen Plan

11. Major Battles in Europe • West • Marne • Verdun • Somme River • Ypres • East • Tannenberg • South • Gallipoli • Caporetto

12. Total War • Total war is the utilization of all available resources, weapons, and personnel. • Usually involves: • universal military conscription known as “the draft” • Raising of taxes and government borrowing due to increased spending • Economic controls (price, wages, production)

13. Propaganda • Propaganda is: • A type of message aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of people • Often deliberately misleading • Convincing, but not necessarily valid • Propaganda techniques include: • (1)patriotic flag-waving, (2)glittering generalities, (3)intentional vagueness, (3)oversimplification of complex issues, (4)rationalization, (5)introducing unrelated “red herring” issues, (6)using appealing & simple slogans, (7)stereotyping, (8)testimonials from authority figures or celebrities, (9)unstated assumptions

24. The Paris Peace Conference • The Allies met in Paris to decide what the outcome of the war would be for Europe. • President Wilson wanted to advance his Fourteen Points, which would bring “peace without victory.” • The British Prime Minister, Lloyd George, wanted to rebuild England on a grand scale. • France’s leader Georges Clemenceau wanted to see Germany punished.

25. Main Points of the Fourteen Points • No more secret treaties • Countries must seek to reduce their weapons and their armed forces • National self-determination should allow people of the same nationality to govern themselves and one nationality should not have the power to govern another • All countries should belong to the League of Nations.

26. Wilson’s Fourteen Points (Analysis) • Six Big Ideas • Peaceful world order must be built on a community of democratic states. War was a product of antiquated social systems. • Free trade has a modernizing and civilizing effect on states. • International law and international bodies of cooperation and dispute settlement also have civilizing and peace promoting effects. • A stable and peaceful order must be built around a “community of power”. • Democracy, trade, law, and collective security were possible because the world was moving in a progressive and modernizing direction. • The United States was at the vanguard of this movement and it had special responsibilities to lead, direct, and inspire the world.

27. Wilson’s Long Lasting Impact • The Wilsonian tradition has dominated 20th century American diplomacy • Wilson’s vision embodied the duality of “liberal interventionism” (imperialism) and “liberal internationalism” (cooperation) • Wilsonians like FDR and Truman modified, expanded, and updated Wilson’s liberal ideas. • Updated Wilsonianism – required a form of American hegemony to make it work • Wilsonianism has made it into the 21st century--this is the idea to spread democracy to promote peace and security, however recent conflicts deeply discredited U.S. foreign policy in many corners of the world.

28. Treaty of Versailles The main terms of the Versailles Treaty were: (1) the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates; (2) the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France; (3) cession of Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium, Memel to Lithuania, the Hultschin district to Czechoslovakia, (4) Poznania, parts of East Prussia and Upper Silesia to Poland;(5) Danzig to become a free city; (6) plebiscites to be held in northern Schleswig to settle the Danish-German frontier; (7) occupation and special status for the Saar under French control; (8) demilitarization and a fifteen-year occupation of the Rhineland; (9) German reparations of £6,600 million; (10) a ban on the union of Germany and Austria; (11) an acceptance of Germany's guilt in causing the war; (11) provision for the trial of the former Kaiser and other war leaders; (12) limitation of Germany's army to 100,000 men with no conscription, no tanks, no heavy artillery, no poison-gas supplies, no aircraft and no airships; (13) the limitation of the German Navy to vessels under 100,000 tons, with no submarines;

29. Treaty of Versailles (Analysis) • Complex document with many consequences for the people and government of Germany • Undermined the success of the Weimar Republic • The assumption of “war guilt” required debilitating war reparations • Price levels rose following the activation of reparation payments • Losses of vital industrial territories (Saar Valley, Upper Silesia) • Isolated Germany had a difficult time finding trade partners • Food shortages radicalized the people, initially toward communism • Fascism developed in response to fears of communism • Radical alteration of European geography • German army was reduced • 100,000 men • No tanks • 6 capital ships • No submarines

30. Wholesale Price Index: Germany, 1914 - 1923.

32. Balfour Declaration and the Mandate System • Balfour Declaration of 1917 • Classified statement of policy on the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire • "one nation solemnly promised to a second nation the country of a third.“-Arthur Koestler • Mandate System • Created by the League of Nations after WWI • Intended to prepare the "natives" of various regions for self government (German and Ottoman possessions) • Mandates often represented nothing more than the granting of spoils to the different victorious allied governments