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Tissues and Membranes: Types, Functions, and Repair

This text provides an overview of different types of tissues, covering and lining membranes, including their functions and the process of tissue repair. It also discusses how tissues change throughout life.

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Tissues and Membranes: Types, Functions, and Repair

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  1. PART 4 Tissues

  2. Covering and Lining Membranes • Combine epithelial tissues and connective tissues • Cover broad areas within body • Consist of epithelial sheet plus underlying connective tissue

  3. Three Types of Membranes • Cutaneous membrane – skin • Mucous membrane • Lines hollow organs that open to surface of body • An epithelial sheet underlain with layer of lamina propria

  4. Three Types of Membranes • Serous membrane – slippery membranes • Simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue • Line closed cavities • Pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities

  5. Covering and Lining Membranes Figure 4.13a, b

  6. Covering and Lining Membranes Figure 4.13c

  7. Muscle Tissue • Skeletal muscle tissue • Cardiac muscle tissue • Smooth muscle tissue

  8. Skeletal Muscle Tissue • Description • Long, cylindrical cells • Multinucleate • Obvious striations

  9. Skeletal Muscle Tissue • Function • Voluntary movement • Manipulation of environment • Facial expression • Location • Skeletal muscles attached to bones (occasionally to skin)

  10. Skeletal Muscle Tissue Figure 4.14a

  11. Cardiac Muscle Tissue • Description • Branching cells, striated • Generally uninucleate • Cells interdigitate at intercalated discs

  12. Cardiac Muscle Tissue • Function • Contracts to propel blood into circulatory system • Location • Occurs in walls of heart

  13. Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 4.14b

  14. Smooth Muscle Tissue • Description • Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei • Arranged closely to form sheets • No striations

  15. Smooth Muscle Tissue • Function • Propels substances along internal passageways • Involuntary control • Location • Mostly walls of hollow organs

  16. Smooth Muscle Tissue Figure 4.14c

  17. Nervous Tissue • Description • Main components are brain, spinal cord, and nerves • Contains two types of cells • Neurons – excitatory cells • Supporting cells (neuroglial cells)

  18. Nervous Tissue • Function • Transmit electrical signals • Location • Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

  19. Nervous Tissue Figure 4.15

  20. Tissue Response to Injury • Inflammatory response • Nonspecific, local response • Limits damage to injury site • Immune response • Takes longer to develop and very specific • Destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection

  21. Inflammation • Acute inflammation • Heat • Redness • Swelling • Pain • Chemicals signal nearby blood vessels to dilate • Histamine increases permeability of capillaries

  22. Inflammation • Edema – accumulation of fluid • Helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria • Brings oxygen and nutrients from blood • Brings antibodies from blood to fight infection

  23. Repair • Regeneration • Replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue • Fibrosis • Proliferation of scar tissue • Organization • Clot is replaced by granulation tissue

  24. Capacity for Regenation • Good – excellent: • ET, bone CT, areolar CT, dense irregular CT, and blood forming CT • Moderate: • Smooth muscle, dense regular CT

  25. Capacity for Regeneration • Weak: • Skeletal MT, cartilage • None or almost none: • Cardiac MT, Nervous Tissue

  26. Tissue Repair of a Skin Wound Figure 4.16a

  27. Tissue Repair of a Skin Wound Figure 4.16b

  28. Tissue Repair of a Skin Wound Figure 4.16c

  29. The Tissues Throughout Life • At the end of second month of development • Primary tissue types have appeared • Major organs are in place • Adulthood • Only a few tissues regenerate • Many tissues still retain populations of stem cells

  30. The Tissues Throughout Life • With increasing age • Epithelia thin • Collagen decreases • Bones, muscles, and nervous tissue begin to atrophy • Poor nutrition and poor circulation – poor health of tissues

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