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Axial Muscles

Delve into the intricacies of axial muscles in the skeletal system, including the hypobranchial region, tongue, and extrinsic eye muscles. Explore metamerism origins in mesodermal somites and variations in fish versus tetrapods. Discover the unique characteristics and functions of epaxial and hypaxial muscle groups in different vertebrates.

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Axial Muscles

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  1. Axial Muscles

  2. Skeletal of trunk and tail • hypobranchial • tongue • extrinsic muscles of eye

  3. MetamerismOrigins in mesodermal somites

  4. Fish Axial muscles consist of myomeres separated by myosepta Except in agnathans these are divided into dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) masses by the horizontal skeletogenous septum Metamerism is interrupted by pelvic and pectoral girdles. Dorsal to gills are epibranchials; beneath gills hypobranchials

  5. Tetrapods • Most metamerism lost due to locomotion • Amniotes develop strap-like or pinnate epaxials above the transverse process (TP). • Similar arrangements beneath TP allow greater flexibility.

  6. Epaxials of trunk: • from base of skull to tail • called dorsalis trunci in amphibians • 4 groups in amniotes - • Intervertebrals • Longissimus • Spinales • Iliocostales

  7. Hypaxials of trunk: • Subvertebrals (quadratus lumborum and psoas) • Oblique and transverse • Rectus

  8. Hypobranchial and Tongue Muscles Mesenchyme of postbranchial somites move forward in floor of pharynx (ant. extensions of hypaxial muscles)

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