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Earth and Other Planets

Discover the origin and development of the solar system, from planetary orbits to nebular hypothesis and planet categorization. Learn about Earth formation, differentiation, and the creation of the Moon. Understand planetary idiosyncrasies and atmospheric evolution. Integrate scientific theories and iClicker questions for interactive learning.

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Earth and Other Planets

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  1. Earth and Other Planets 3 November 2015 Chapter 16 Great Idea: Earth, one of the planets that orbit the Sun, formed 4.5 billion years ago from a great cloud of dust.

  2. Chapter Outline • The Formation of the Solar System • Exploring the Solar System • The Earth

  3. The Formation of the Solar System

  4. Clues to the Origin of the Solar System • Solar system • Objects gravitationally bound to Sun • Deduction of origin • Observations • Earth • Space

  5. Clue #1: Planetary Orbits • Features of solar system • All planets orbit in same direction • Orbits in same plane • Most rotate in direction of orbit

  6. Clue #2: Distribution of Mass • Most material within Sun • Two types of planets • Terrestrial planets • Jovian planets • Other objects • Moons, asteroids, comets

  7. The Nebular Hypothesis • Nebular Hypothesis • Cloud of dust and gas • 99% H and He • Collapse of nebula • Planetary orbits • Clumping of matter • Planetesimals • Temperature

  8. Basic Planet Categories • Terrestrial planets • Mercury • Venus • Earth • Mars • Jovian planets • Jupiter • Saturn • Uranus • Neptune

  9. Some Conclusions • Planets formed at same time as Sun • Planetary and satellite/ring systems are similar to remnants of dusty disks such as that seen about stars being born • Planet composition dependent upon where it formed in solar system

  10. Nebular Condensation (protoplanet) Model • Most remnant heat from collapse retained near center • After sun ignites, remaining dust reaches an equilibrium temperature • Different densities of the planets are explained by condensation temperatures • Nebular dust temperature increases to center of nebula

  11. Nebular Condensation Physics • Energy absorbed per unit area from Sun = energy emitted as thermal radiator • Solar Flux = Lum (Sun) / 4 x distance2 • Flux emitted = constant x T4 [Stefan-Boltzmann] • Concluding from above yields T = constant / distance0.5

  12. Nebular Condensation Chemistry

  13. Nebular Condensation Summary • Solid Particles collide, stick together, sink toward center • Terrestrials -> rocky • Jovians -> rocky core + ices + light gases • Coolest, most massive collect H and He • More collisions -> heating and differentiating of interior • Remnants flushed by solar wind • Evolution of atmospheres

  14. iClicker Question The most abundant chemical element in the solar nebula A Uranium B Iron C Hydrogen D Helium E Lithium

  15. Pictorial View of Origins

  16. Pictorial View Continued

  17. HST Pictorial Evidence

  18. HST Pictorial Evidence

  19. iClicker Question As a planetary system and its star forms the temperature in the core of the nebula A Decreases in time B Increases in time C Remains the same over time D Cannot be determined

  20. iClicker Question As a planetary system and its star forms the rate of rotation of the nebula A Decreases in time B Increases in time C Remains the same over time D Cannot be determined

  21. The Formation of Earth • Planetesimals • Combined (accretion) to form earth • Great bombardment • Meteors • Growth of planet • 20 metric tons per day

  22. Differentiation • Differentiation • Heat from collisions • Dense material sank to center • Lighter material rose to surface • Structure • Core • Mantle • Crust

  23. Crust and Us

  24. Earth’s Interior -How We Know It

  25. iClicker Question Which of the diagram represents the mantle of the Earth? A B C D E None of the above.

  26. iClicker Question Which of the diagram represents the outer core of the Earth? A B C D E None of the above.

  27. iClicker Question Energy transport from one region to another by the movement of material as in the mantle of the Earth is known as A chaos. B radiance. C conduction. D differentiation. E convection.

  28. iClicker Question The existence of earthquake shadow zones indicates that there is an abrupt change between the properties of the mantle and those of the core. Specifically, the transverse wave shadow zone shows that the outer core must be A solid. B liquid or semi-liquid. C gaseous. D similar to crustal material. E impossible to determine.

  29. The Formation of the Moon • Large object (asteroid close to size of Mars) impacted earth • Parts of mantle blown into orbit • Moon formed from this material

  30. Planetary Idiosyncracies • Cratering • Mercury, Mars, Moon • Few on Earth • weathering • Rotation • Venus • Earth’s axis • Uranus

  31. The Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres • Earth’s atmosphere • Early • Outgassing • Atmosphere was N2, CO2, H2, & H2O • Gravitational escape • Living organisms

  32. iClicker Question • All our observations of the Sun and planets have been made from the surface of the Earth. • A True • B False

  33. iClicker Question • All planets and most of their moons orbit in the same direction around the Sun • A True • B False

  34. iClicker Question • Almost all planets and moons rotate on their axes in the same direction as the planets orbit the Sun. • A True • B False

  35. iClicker Question • What is the shape of our solar system? • A spherical (like a ball) • B flat (like a dish) • C tubular (like a hot dog)

  36. iClicker Question • The mass in our solar system is evenly distributed. • A True • B False

  37. Exploring the Solar System

  38. The Inner Solar System • Mercury, Venus, Mars • Mercury and Venus too hot for life • Mars Exploration • Multiple missions • Found evidence of water

  39. The Outer Solar System • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune • Layered structure • No solid surface • Jupiter • Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 • Galileo spacecraft • Saturn • Cassini spacecraft

  40. The Outer Solar System II

  41. Moons and Rings • Jupiter’s Moons • Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto and 63 others known • Saturn’s Moons • Titan, Mimas, Hyperion and about 59 (61?) others • Rings • Ice and rock - more ice in Saturn’s rings

  42. Dwarf Planet Pluto Surprises • It has moons • Original moon discovered 1978 • Charon (KAIR’ en) • Now more • 2005 discovery of 2 additional moons • Named Nix and Hydra • 2011 #4 is P4 (Kerberos) • July 7, 2012 #5 is P5 (Styx)

  43. Pluto’s Interior to SurfaceOld -> New Model • Model 1 • partially hydrated rock core • water ice layer II • predominant water ice layer I • Model 2 • partially hydrated rock core • organics layer • predominantly water ice layer

  44. The Launch of New Horizons Pluto Mission 17 Jan 2006 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNJNaIoa5Hk

  45. Io’s Volcanoes from New Horizons

  46. Pluto

  47. Pluto’s Methane (frozen)

  48. Charon

  49. Pluto

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