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Bacteria

Bacteria. Structure and Function. Earliest Prokaryotes. Most numerous organisms on Earth Include all bacteria Earliest fossils date 2.5 billion years old. Kingdoms of Bacteria. Archaebacteria: Found in harsh environments Undersea volcanic vents , acidic hot springs , salty water.

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Bacteria

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  1. Bacteria Structure and Function

  2. Earliest Prokaryotes • Most numerousorganisms on Earth • Include allbacteria • Earliest fossils date2.5 billion years old

  3. Kingdoms of Bacteria Archaebacteria: • Found in harsh environments • Undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water

  4. Archaebacteria

  5. Kingdoms of Bacteria Eubacteria: • Called the true bacteria • Most bacteria are in this group • Include photosynthetic Cyanobacteria

  6. Eubacteria

  7. Characteristics of Bacteria

  8. Bacterial Structure • Microscopic prokaryotes • No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Contain ribosomes • Single, circular chromosome in nucleoid region

  9. Bacterial Cell

  10. Protection • Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan • May have a sticky coating called the Capsule for attachment to host or other bacteria

  11. Sticky Bacterial Capsule

  12. Bacterial Structure • Have small rings of DNA called Plasmids • Unicellular • Small in size (0.5 to 2μm) PLASMIDS

  13. Bacterial Structure • Most grow best at pH of 6.5 to 7.0 • Many act as decomposers recycling nutrients • Some cause disease

  14. Staphylococcus Bacterial

  15. Useful Bacteria • Some bacteria can degrade oil • Used to clean up oil spills

  16. Bacterial Shapes

  17. Shapes Are Used to Classify • Bacillus: Rod shaped • Coccus: Spherical (round) • Vibrio: Comma shaped with flagella • Spirillum: Spiral shape • Spirochete: wormlike spiral shape

  18. Grouping of Bacteria • Diplo- Groups of two • Strepto- chains • Staphylo- Grapelike clusters

  19. Streptococcus Causes Strep Throat

  20. Staphylococcus

  21. Bacillus - E. coli

  22. Streptobacilli

  23. Spirillum

  24. Spirochetes

  25. Bacterial Kingdoms

  26. Archaebacteria • Subdivided into 3 groups: • Methanogens • Thermoacidophiles • Extreme Halophiles

  27. Methanogens • Break down cellulose in a cow’s stomach • Produce marsh (methane) gas

  28. Extreme Halophiles • Live in very salty water • Use salt to generate ATP (energy) • Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants

  29. Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles • Live in extremely hot environments • Found in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acid

  30. Kingdom Eubacteria True Bacteria

  31. Characteristics • 3 basic shapes (coccus, bacillus, spirilla) • Most are heterotrophic (can’t make their own food) • May be aerobic or anaerobic • Identified by Gram staining

  32. Gram Staining • Developed in 1884 by Hans Gram • Bacteria treated with purple Crystal Violet & red Safranin stains • Cell walls either stain purple or reddish pink

  33. Gram Positive • Have thick layer of peptidoglycan (protein-sugar complex) • Single lipid layer • Stain purple • Can be treated with antibiotics

  34. Gram Negative Bacteria • Thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall • Extra thick layer of lipids • Stain pink or reddish • Hard to treat with antibiotics • Some photosynthetic but make sulfur not oxygen • Some fix nitrogen for plants

  35. Nutrition, Respiration, and Reproduction

  36. Modes of Nutrition • Saprobes – feed on dead organic matter • Parasites – feed on a host cell • Photoautotroph – use sunlight to make food • Chemoautotroph – oxidize inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make food

  37. Methods of Respiration • Obligate Aerobes – require O2(tuberculosis bacteria) • Obligate Anaerobes – die if O2 is present (tetanus) • Facultative Anaerobes – don’t need O2, but aren’t killed by it (E. coli)

  38. Reproduction • Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission • Single chromosome replicates & then cell divides • Rapid • All new cells identical (clones)

  39. Binary Fission E. coli

  40. Reproduction • Bacteria reproduce sexually by Conjugation • Form a tube between 2 bacteria to exchange genetic material • Held together by pili • New cells NOT identical

  41. Conjugation

  42. Spore Formation • Form endospore whenever when habitat conditions become harsh (little food) • Able to survive for long periods of time as endosperm • Difficult to destroy (heat resistant)

  43. Pathenogenic Bacteria

  44. Pathogens • Called germs or microbes • Cause disease • May produce poisons or toxins • Endotoxins released after bacteria die (E. coli) • Exotoxins released by Gram + bacteria (C. tetani)

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