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DNA: The Chemical Code for Life

Explore the history, structure, synthesis, and function of DNA, the double helix molecule that contains the genetic information needed for an organism's growth and function.

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DNA: The Chemical Code for Life

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  1. DNA

  2. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid • Chemical code containing the information needed for an organism’s growth and function

  3. History • 1952– Rosalind Franklin used an X-ray crystallography technique to discover that DNA is made of two spiral chains

  4. History • 1953– James Watson and Francis Crick built on Franklin’s and many other scientists’ research to make the first DNA model. . . The Double Helix Crick Watson

  5. The first DNA model

  6. Photo #51

  7. DNAStructure • It’s like a ladder. . .the sides are the deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate backbones and the rungs are the nitrogen bases. Deoxyribose and phosphate group Nitrogen bases

  8. Four Nitrogen Bases

  9. Stuff to remember. . . amount of Cytosine= amount of Guanine and amount of Adenine= amount of Thymine So. . . The bases occur in pairs in DNA!!!

  10. Four Nitrogen Bases Adenine n Thymine Guanine nCytosine

  11. DNA Synthesis

  12. What is DNASynthesis??? • The copying of DNA Why copy DNA??? • To make new cells

  13. Steps to synthesis. . . • An enzyme attaches to the starting point on DNA. • The enzyme unzips the DNA to start copying. • New nitrogen bases attach to original DNA strands. • Two new, complete DNA strands are formed. Let’s see it!!

  14. DNA vs. RNA

  15. RNA • RiboNucleic Acid • Carries codes from the nucleus to the ribosome to make proteins • Guanine = Cytosine • Adenine = ??? • Adenine = Uracil • 3 types of RNA

  16. RNA • Messenger RNA- mRNA • Sends code from nucleus to the ribosome • Ribosomal RNA- rRNA • Makes up the ribosome • Transfer RNA- tRNA • Brings amino acids to the ribosome to make proteins

  17. Protein Synthesis Step 1: DNA Transcription Step 2: DNA Translation Step 1: DNA Transcription Step 2: DNA Translation

  18. DNA Transcription • Enzyme unzips DNA • DNA is synthesized into RNA (mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA) • RNA strand releases from the DNA after being copied • DNA is zipped back into position by the same enzyme • New RNA is transported outside the nucleus of the cell

  19. DNA Translation • mRNA binds to the rRNA of the ribosome and signals it is ready to be translated • One end of tRNA which is 3 nitrogen bases (a codon) that code for a specific amino acid binds with mRNA • The mRNA binds several different tRNA units connecting the amino acids to make a protein

  20. UGA. . . More than just a university, It’s also a stop codon!!

  21. What’s a codon??? • It’s the basic unit of genetic code. • 3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon • Can signal to start or stop a process or can stand for a certain amino acid • Examples: UGA, UAA, and UAG are stop codons for the translation process

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