The Radicals Take Control

1. The Radicals Take Control Chapter 18 Sections 2 and 3

2. The Republicans in Congress • Moderates • opposed great change • Were bothered by ex Confederates in office • worried about abuses of ex slaves • federal government should not get involved in state affairs • RadicalS • Wanted equality for all blacks • want to remake south • destroy old ruling class

3. Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction • New southern governments must abolish slavery • Must pledge loyalty to federal government

4. Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction Amnesty –average southerners were given property and money back once pledge loyalty

5. Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction Amnesty –not offered to wealthy, politicians and officers of Confederacy

6. Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction Amnesty to get amnesty, southerner must make a loyalty oath

7. THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT • Abolishes slavery and forced labor

8. The Confederate States of America Reviving Old South • Johnson rule without Congress from April to December 1865 • Sets up Southern State governments before Congress can intervene

9. The Confederate States of America Reviving Old South • Set up new South same way old south was • Some states refuse to ratify 13th Amendment (abolish slavery)

11. Black Codes • laws to make blacks return to plantations • people must have written proof of employment • Could not meet in unsupervised groups • Could not own firearms • could not leave plantation without permission

12. The Civil Rights Act -1866 • Civil Rights – the rights of all citizens • Declared all people born in US were citizens • All citizens equal regardless of race • Did not include Indians

13. Johnson Vetoes Civil Rights Act • Thought law would centralize power in federal too much • Making African Americans equal would go against white race

14. Johnson Vetoes Civil Rights Act • Thought law would centralize power in federal too much • Making African Americans equal would go against white race • Congress overrides veto and it becomes law

15. Fourteenth Amendment • Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws

16. Fourteenth Amendment • Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any Statedeprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws

17. Fourteenth Amendment • Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,(See Note 15) and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

18. Fourteenth Amendment • Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,(See Note 15) and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

19. Fourteenth Amendment • Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,(See Note 15) and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. States will lose Representatives if they don’t let Blacks vote

20. Fourteenth Amendment • Every southern state rejected 14th Amendment • Angers moderate Republicans and they join Radical Republicans

21. Radical Republican Anger about mistreatment of African Americans led to Radical Reconstruction Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner

22. Radical Reconstruction • Prewar ruling class of south lost right to vote (10-15% of population) • Southern States eliminated • Southern States replaced by 5 military districts

24. Radical Reconstruction • To re-enter Union • state constitution had to give vote to all adult men • ratify the 14th Amendment

25. Black Senators Hiram Revels {R} Senator, Mississippi Blanche Bruce {R} Senator, Mississippi

26. Black Senators 1870 - 1871 1875 – 1881 1967 - 1979 Blanche Bruce {R} Senator, Mississippi Hiram Revels {R} Senator, Mississippi Edward Brooke {R} Senator, Massachusetts 2004 –present 1993 –1999 Carol Moseley Braun {D} Senator, Illinois Barack Obama{D} Senator, Illinois

27. Reconstruction Legislatures • 600 African Americans serve in state legislatures

28. New Order in South • 1867- Freedman Bureau register blacks to vote in South • 735,000 blacks, 635,000 whites registered – picked Republicans for state conventions • many Southern republicans were poor whites who resented sacrifices made during “rich man’s war”

29. State Conventions • Representatives to state convention • 1/3 were scalawags • Southerners who were loyal to North • 1/4 were carpetbaggers • white northerners who moved south after war • 1/3 were African Americans – • mostly ministers and teachers

30. State Conventions Carpetbaggers • South believes carpetbaggers came to make easy money off of Southern misery • Carpetbaggers did make money but also helped rebuild Southern economy

31. Reconstruction Legislatures • Improved hospitals, schools, roads • Paid with property taxes • plantation owners had to pay most tax • Republicans hoped taxes would force plantation owners to sell land Plantation

32. Johnson Challenges Congress • Opposed Reconstruction • 1867 – Congress pass law saying President couldn’t fire Cabinet • went against traditional power of President Edwin Stanton Secretary of War

33. Johnson Challenges Congress • Opposed Reconstruction • 1867 – Congress pass law saying President couldn’t fire Cabinet • went against traditional power of President • Johnson fires Stanton without Congress’ approval FIRED Edwin Stanton Secretary of War

35. House of Representatives impeached Johnson • Impeach – formal accusation of misconduct

36. Grant Becomes President In 1868 the Republican’s nominated the Union’s greatest war hero, Ulysses S. Grant, for president. Grant easily won the election. Ulysses S. Grant In 1868 General Ulysses S. Grant became the President of the United States. He was a great war hero of the Civil War. As Congress demanded, the new southern states allowed African Americans to vote. About 500,000 blacks went to the polls to vote in the 1868 election.